Welcome to “Naijaclass Academy“ For Waec 2025 Government Essay And Objective Questions & Solution

 Tuesday, 13th May 2025
Government 2 (Essay), 9:30am – 11:30am
Government 1 (Objective), 11:30am – 12:30pm

GOVERNMENT
01-10: CADBCAAADA
11-20: CAADABBDBB
21-30: BBCBBBBBDB
31-40: CCCDBAABCA
41-50: DCAABADCAC

(1)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Channeling Public Opinion: Political parties collect and organize public sentiments on various national and local issues. They act as a conduit through which the people’s voices are transmitted to the government. This helps align public policies with the will and preferences of the majority, making governance more democratic.

(ii) Simplifying Governance: Parties bring order to the political system by grouping individuals with similar ideologies and goals. This organization simplifies the legislative process, as party members usually vote as a bloc, allowing smoother decision-making and more coherent policy implementation.

(iii) Creating Policy Platforms: Each political party crafts a distinct policy agenda that outlines its plans for economic development, social welfare, national security, and more. These platforms give voters a clearer idea of what to expect if a party comes to power, enhancing transparency and democratic choice.

(iv) Providing Electoral Competition: Through multiple parties vying for power, democracy thrives on competition. Political parties contest elections to offer alternative leadership and solutions, preventing monopoly over power and encouraging innovation in policy-making to appeal to voters.

(v) Enabling Checks and Balances: The presence of opposition parties ensures that those in power are monitored and held accountable. They challenge decisions, expose corruption, and advocate for fair governance, acting as watchdogs in the democratic process.

(vi) Fostering Civic Engagement: Parties often engage in voter outreach, town halls, and grassroots organizing. These activities encourage citizens to understand political matters, voice their opinions, and participate in the democratic process, thus deepening democratic involvement.

(vii) Acting as a Link Between State and Citizens: Political parties help bridge the gap between the government and the people. They gather feedback from citizens and communicate it to lawmakers, while also explaining government decisions to the public, creating a two-way flow of information vital for a responsive democracy.

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(2)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Informing the Public: The media serves as the main source of information about government actions, political developments, and public issues. An informed citizenry is essential in a democracy, as people need accurate and timely information to make sound decisions during elections and in public debates.

(ii) Acting as a Watchdog: The media plays a critical role in monitoring those in power. By investigating corruption, exposing abuses, and highlighting mismanagement, journalists hold public officials accountable. This deters misconduct and reinforces transparency in governance.

(iii) Facilitating Public Debate: Through talk shows, opinion columns, editorials, and interviews, the media encourages public discourse. It offers a platform where various viewpoints are discussed, which is fundamental for the development of informed and balanced democratic opinions.

(iv) Giving Voice to the People: Media platforms provide opportunities for citizens to express their views, concerns, and grievances. This feedback mechanism helps leaders understand public sentiment and adjust policies accordingly, reinforcing participatory democracy.

(v) Promoting Political Participation: By covering political campaigns, voting procedures, and civic responsibilities, the media motivates citizens to participate actively in democratic processes such as voting, protesting, or joining civic initiatives.

(vi) Providing a Platform for Political Parties: Media coverage allows political parties and candidates to present their manifestos, visions, and promises to the public. This equal exposure gives voters the information needed to compare options and choose representatives who best align with their views.

(vii) Educating Citizens on Rights and Duties: The media plays a role in civic education by explaining the principles of democracy, citizens’ rights, and the responsibilities of both voters and elected leaders. This enhances democratic maturity and responsible citizenship.

(viii) Supporting Government Transparency: By reporting on parliamentary debates, public budgets, and policy outcomes, the media ensures that government actions are visible to the public. This openness strengthens trust in democratic institutions and discourages secrecy.

(ix) Encouraging Policy Responsiveness: When the media highlights public problems, such as poverty, injustice, or environmental degradation, it pressures governments to respond. This ensures that leadership remains sensitive to citizens’ needs and that policies are continuously improved.

(x) Safeguarding Freedom of Expression: A free and independent media is a pillar of democracy because it protects the right to speak, write, and report without censorship or fear. This freedom allows societies to confront injustice, demand reform, and innovate ideas that support democratic evolution.
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(3)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Strengthen corporate governance frameworks: The government should establish transparent governance structures with clearly defined roles, independent boards, and strict accountability measures to ensure that State Owned Enterprises are managed efficiently and ethically.

(ii) Drive digital transformation: Embracing modern technologies such as automation, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and e-governance systems can improve the operational efficiency, decision-making, and service delivery of State Owned Enterprises.

(iii) Encourage financial sustainability: The government should reduce the dependence of State Owned Enterprises on public funds by promoting internal revenue generation, improving cost efficiency, and implementing commercial principles that ensure long-term viability.

(iv) Promote public-private partnerships: Partnering with private sector players can bring in capital, innovation, and expertise to State Owned Enterprises, allowing them to compete better in the market while retaining government oversight in strategic areas.

(v) Institutionalize performance management systems: Introducing structured performance evaluation mechanisms with measurable targets, regular assessments, and incentive-based rewards can help improve productivity and ensure accountability in State Owned Enterprises.

(vi) Invest in capacity building: Continuous training and development programs for employees and management are essential to equip them with the necessary skills, leadership competencies, and ethical standards to drive innovation and operational excellence in State Owned Enterprises.

(vii) Align operations with national development goals: State Owned Enterprises should be strategically directed to support key sectors like energy, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing in alignment with Nigeria’s broader economic and developmental plans.

(viii) Implement legal and regulatory reforms: The government must remove outdated laws and bureaucratic bottlenecks that hinder the autonomy and efficiency of State Owned Enterprises, while enacting policies that encourage competitiveness and innovation.

(ix) Foster innovation and research: Encouraging State Owned Enterprises to invest in research and development will enable them to design new products, improve services, and adapt to changing market dynamics, ensuring long-term relevance and growth.

(x) Enhance transparency and stakeholder engagement: By publishing financial reports, strategic plans, and performance evaluations, State Owned Enterprises can build public trust, attract investment, and involve stakeholders in shaping their direction and impact.

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(4)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Establish clear constitutional checks and balances: Ensuring that the roles of the judiciary, legislature, and executive are well defined and respected can prevent the judiciary from overstepping its boundaries and encroaching on the powers of other arms of government.

(ii) Promote judicial accountability mechanisms: Implementing regular performance evaluations, transparent disciplinary processes, and oversight bodies like the National Judicial Council can hold judges accountable and deter arbitrary judicial behavior.

(iii) Strengthen the independence of the judiciary: While judicial independence is essential, it must be balanced with responsibility. Appointment and promotion processes should be transparent, merit-based, and free from political manipulation to reduce judicial overreach.

(iv) Encourage civic education and public awareness: Educating citizens about the limits of judicial power and their rights within the judicial system empowers them to recognize and resist judicial abuse, thereby maintaining a healthy balance of power.

(v) Enforce strict adherence to legal precedents and statutes: Judges must be required to base their rulings on established laws and judicial precedents rather than personal ideologies, which helps to curb discretionary abuses.

(vi) Promote media and civil society oversight: A vibrant press and active civil society can serve as watchdogs over the judiciary by reporting on controversial rulings, raising public awareness, and holding the judicial system accountable.

(vii) Institute regular legislative reviews of judicial powers: The National Assembly should periodically review and clarify judicial functions and limits through legislation to ensure that no excessive concentration of power occurs within the judiciary.

(viii) Ensure transparency in judicial proceedings: Making court processes and judgments publicly accessible promotes transparency, discourages bias, and reduces the potential for judicial autocracy.

(ix) Encourage inter-branch dialogue and cooperation: Constructive interaction between the judiciary, legislature, and executive helps clarify constitutional interpretations and fosters mutual respect among the branches of government.

(x) Introduce term limits or retirement age enforcement: Ensuring that judicial officers retire at a set age or serve limited terms can prevent the consolidation of power in a few individuals and allow for regular institutional renewal.

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(5)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Promotes civic participation: A political culture that encourages active involvement in politics, such as voting, advocacy, and public debate, helps citizens influence decision-making processes that drive development policies.

(ii) Strengthens democratic institutions: When political culture supports the rule of law, accountability, and respect for democratic norms, it leads to stable institutions that are crucial for sustainable state development.

(iii) Fosters national unity: Shared political values and beliefs can bridge ethnic, religious, or regional divides, promoting social cohesion and a collective commitment to national development goals.

(iv) Encourages political stability: A political culture that embraces peaceful conflict resolution and respect for electoral outcomes reduces political unrest, creating an environment conducive to development.

(v) Builds trust in government: When citizens believe in the legitimacy and fairness of political processes, it fosters trust in public institutions, leading to better cooperation with development programs and reforms.

(vi) Enhances policy continuity: A mature political culture supports consistent policy implementation beyond individual leaders, ensuring that long-term development projects are not disrupted by political transitions.

(vii) Promotes transparency and accountability: Political cultures that value openness help combat corruption, making governance more efficient and aligning resources toward developmental priorities.

(viii) Supports innovation and reform: In societies where political culture encourages critical thinking and openness to change, governments are more likely to adopt innovative solutions that drive development.

(ix) Facilitates inclusive governance: A participatory political culture ensures that marginalized groups have a voice in policymaking, leading to more equitable and balanced development outcomes.

(x) Encourages patriotism and public service: Political culture that values service to the nation inspires citizens and leaders to act in the public interest, contributing to the growth and progress of the state.
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6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Grassroots Mobilization and Political Awareness: Traditional rulers have direct access to the grassroots and are highly respected by local populations. They can play a key role in educating citizens on democratic values, voting rights, and civic responsibilities, thereby deepening political participation and awareness.

(ii) Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: Traditional institutions have long-standing mechanisms for resolving disputes peacefully. Incorporating their conflict mediation roles into the democratic process can help reduce election-related violence and communal clashes, promoting political stability.

(iii) Promoting Accountability and Good Conduct: Traditional rulers can serve as moral watchdogs by holding local government officials accountable to the people. Their presence and authority can deter corrupt practices and encourage leaders to act in the interest of their communities.

(iv) Bridging the Gap Between Government and the People: Because traditional authorities are closer to the people, they can serve as effective intermediaries between the government and rural communities. This helps ensure that government policies and programs reflect the true needs of the people.

(v) Supporting Electoral Processes: Traditional rulers can assist electoral bodies by mobilizing their communities for peaceful elections and discouraging voter apathy or electoral malpractice. Their influence can contribute to higher voter turnout and credible elections.

(vi) Preservation of Cultural Values and Identity: By promoting local traditions and values, traditional institutions can enhance a sense of national identity and unity. Cultural integration supports the legitimacy of democratic governance rooted in indigenous systems.

(vii) Facilitating Development Projects: Traditional leaders often play a key role in granting access to land and mobilizing local support for community development. Their collaboration with elected officials can ensure the smooth implementation of government projects.

(viii) Promoting Social Justice and Inclusion: Traditional rulers can advocate for marginalized groups such as women, youth, and minority communities, ensuring that all voices are heard in the democratic process. Their inclusive role helps build a fair and equitable society.

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(7)
(PICKA ANY FIVE)
(i) Patriotism and National Unity: Nationalist leaders emphasized love for the nation and unity among diverse ethnic and religious groups. Citizens learn the value of working together for national interest above personal or sectional gains.

(ii) Commitment to Selfless Service: Many nationalist leaders sacrificed personal comfort and risked their lives for the freedom and development of their countries. This teaches citizens the importance of dedication and selflessness in public service.

(iii) Power of Collective Struggle: The success of nationalist movements showed that unity and collective action can bring about significant change. Citizens are reminded of the strength in solidarity and peaceful resistance against injustice.

(iv) Importance of Education: Most nationalist leaders were educated and used their knowledge to challenge colonial rule. This highlights the role of education in leadership, awareness, and socio-political development.

(v) Courage and Resilience: Despite oppression and imprisonment, nationalist leaders persisted. Citizens can draw inspiration to remain resilient and courageous in the face of challenges while pushing for national progress.

(vi) Visionary Leadership: Nationalist leaders had clear goals for political independence and economic empowerment. Citizens learn that purposeful leadership is essential for development and nation-building.

(vii) Peaceful Advocacy: While some nationalists used confrontation, many emphasized dialogue and peaceful negotiation. This teaches citizens the value of diplomacy and lawful means in addressing national issues.

(viii) Accountability to the People: Nationalist leaders often saw themselves as servants of the people, not rulers. This instills the lesson that public office should be about service, not personal enrichment or power.
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(8)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Financial Assistance and Grants: International organizations like the World Bank, IMF, and African Development Bank provide loans and grants to fund critical infrastructure, education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation projects in Nigeria.

(ii) Technical Support and Capacity Building: Organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) offer technical expertise and training to improve public sector efficiency, enhance policy formulation, and strengthen governance institutions.

(iii) Humanitarian and Emergency Aid: During crises such as natural disasters, pandemics, or conflict, international bodies like the Red Cross and UNICEF provide emergency relief, food supplies, shelter, and medical aid to affected Nigerian communities.

(iv) Promoting Good Governance and Democracy: International organizations monitor elections, support electoral reforms, and encourage transparency, rule of law, and accountability through various democratic development programs.

(v) Educational and Health Support: UNESCO and WHO collaborate with Nigeria to improve literacy, promote universal education, fight diseases like malaria and HIV/AIDS, and improve access to quality healthcare services.

(vi) Environmental Protection and Climate Action: Organizations such as UNEP and the Green Climate Fund assist Nigeria in addressing environmental challenges, supporting sustainable agriculture, combating desertification, and implementing climate change adaptation strategies.

(vii) Trade Facilitation and Economic Integration: The World Trade Organization (WTO) and ECOWAS support Nigeria’s integration into global and regional markets, helping to boost exports, improve trade policy, and enhance economic growth.

(viii) Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping: International organizations help Nigeria in resolving internal conflicts, mediating peace processes, and supporting disarmament and reintegration programs in conflict-prone regions.
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(9)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Strengthening Democratic Institutions: Building strong and independent institutions such as the judiciary, legislature, and electoral commissions reduces the chance of military takeovers. These institutions provide checks and balances that help maintain civilian control over government affairs.

(ii) Professionalizing the Military: Ensuring that the military is well-trained, adequately funded, and focused strictly on national defense keeps it within its constitutional role. Military personnel should be taught to uphold democratic values and avoid involvement in politics.

(iii) Clear Constitutional Roles: Constitutions must clearly define the role of the military as non-political. Any ambiguity in the law should be corrected to ensure that the military understands and respects its place outside of civilian governance.

(iv) Civilian Oversight and Control: Civilian-led ministries of defense and regular monitoring of military activities help prevent unauthorized political involvement. Democratic governments should also control military budgets and appointments.

(v) Regular and Transparent Elections: Holding free, fair, and timely elections enhances the legitimacy of civilian governments. This reduces public support for coups and discourages the military from seeing itself as a better alternative.

(vi) Addressing Corruption and Poor Governance: Military coups are often justified by poor civilian leadership. Ensuring accountability, reducing corruption, and providing basic services to citizens can eliminate such excuses for intervention.

(vii) Promoting Civic Education and Political Awareness: Educating the public and military personnel about the dangers of military rule and the importance of democracy helps build a culture of constitutionalism and respect for elected leadership.

(viii) Regional and International Sanctions: ECOWAS and the African Union should enforce strict sanctions against countries where the military interferes with governance. These actions send a strong signal that unconstitutional changes of government are unacceptable.
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(10)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A country with a stable and strategic foreign policy can attract investors by ensuring political stability and favorable trade relations. This inflow of foreign capital helps develop infrastructure, create jobs, and increase government revenue, which are all essential for national development.

(ii) Access to Foreign Aid and Grants: Diplomatic relations with donor countries and international organizations enable a nation to access developmental assistance. Foreign policy that aligns with global humanitarian or development goals can secure funding for health, education, and poverty reduction programs.

(iii) Trade Promotion and Market Expansion: Through trade agreements and diplomatic ties, foreign policy opens up international markets for a country’s goods and services. This boosts the local economy by increasing export revenues, supporting industrial growth, and promoting technological transfer.

(iv) Technology Transfer and Innovation: Foreign policy encourages bilateral cooperation in science and technology. Countries with strong diplomatic relations often benefit from training, research partnerships, and equipment donations that can enhance national innovation and industrial capacity.

(v) Peace and Security: Effective foreign policy fosters regional and global alliances for security cooperation. Participation in peacekeeping missions or anti-terrorism coalitions can stabilize national borders, reduce conflict risks, and create an environment conducive for development.

(vi) Human Capital Development: Diplomatic agreements in education and training offer citizens opportunities for scholarships, exchange programs, and skills development abroad. The acquired knowledge and experience can be used to boost productivity and innovation back home.

(vii) Global Image and Tourism: A positive foreign policy enhances a country’s global reputation, which can attract tourists, international conferences, and business events. This increases foreign exchange earnings and creates jobs in the hospitality and service industries.

(viii) Response to Global Challenges: Effective foreign policy allows a nation to participate in global efforts to tackle climate change, pandemics, and economic crises. By being part of international frameworks, countries can access support, share best practices, and safeguard their developmental interests.

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