Neco 2026 Physical Geography And Objectives Answers

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Thursday, 16th July 2026

Geography 3 & 1 (Objective, Practical & Physical) 2:00pm – 4:30pm

GEOGRAPHY OBJ:
1-10: ABDDCCCEBE
11-20: DDAEBCCAED
21-30: EAEBEDABEA
31-40: AEDDBEBAAB
41-50: EDBABEBCEB
51-60: BBBCEEDDDD

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(1b) (i) Settlement: This is shown by the built-up areas at Gulu, Gulu West and Vulegbo, where houses are closely grouped.

(ii) Transportation: Evidenced by the network of major and minor roads linking Gulu, Gulu West and Vulegbo, showing the area is used for movement of people and goods.

(iii) Agriculture: Indicated by the extensive open land with scattered vegetation and very few buildings, suggesting that much of the land is under cultivation and farming activities.

(1c)
RELIEF:
(i) The area is generally undulating.
(ii) Elevation ranges from about 250m to about 700m.
(iii) High hills occur mainly in the south-western part of the map.
(iv) The area around Gulu West and Vulegbo is relatively low and gently sloping.
(v) Slopes are steep where contours are closely spaced and gentle where contours are widely spaced.

DRAINAGE:
(i) The area is well drained by several streams.
(ii) The streams form a dendritic drainage pattern.
(iii) Many tributaries join the main streams.
(iv) Most streams rise from the higher ground and flow into the lower areas.
(v) Some roads cross the streams by bridges
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(2a)
The solar system is the collection of the Sun and all the celestial bodies that revolve around it under its gravitational force, including the eight planets, their moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and other space objects.

(2b)
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Earth supports life, while Venus does not.
(ii) Earth has abundant liquid water, while Venus has no liquid water.
(iii) Earth has one natural satellite (the Moon), while Venus has no natural satellite.
(iv) Earth has moderate temperatures, while Venus is the hottest planet due to its thick atmosphere.

(2ci)
[Diagram:

 

Circumnavigation is the act of travelling completely around the Earth by sea, air, or land and returning to the starting point. This proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth were flat, such a continuous journey around it would not be possible.

(2cii)

When a ship approaches the shore, the top of the mast is seen before the rest of the ship. As it moves away, the lower part disappears first, followed by the mast. This happens because the Earth’s surface is curved, proving that the Earth is spherical.
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(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) They are elevated areas of land above the surrounding region.
(ii) They have broad, flat or gently undulating surfaces.
(iii) They usually rise steeply from the surrounding lowlands.
(iv) They are often bounded by escarpments or cliffs.
(v) They cover large areas of land.
(vi) They may be dissected by rivers and valleys.
(vii) They are formed by volcanic activity, uplift, or erosion.
(viii) They have relatively cool temperatures due to high altitude.
(ix) They are sources of many rivers and streams.
(x) They contain different types of mineral deposits.

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Agriculture: Plateaus provide large areas of fertile and well-drained land suitable for the cultivation of crops such as maize, potatoes, wheat, vegetables, and fruits. The grasslands on many plateaus also support livestock rearing, making them important agricultural regions.
(ii) Mineral Resources: Plateaus contain valuable mineral deposits such as tin, coal, iron ore, gold, limestone, and bauxite. These minerals are mined for industrial purposes, provide raw materials for manufacturing, create employment opportunities, and generate revenue for the government.
(iii) Hydroelectric Power Generation: Rivers that originate from plateaus often flow down steep slopes, rapids, and waterfalls, making them ideal sites for the construction of dams that generate hydroelectric power for homes, industries, and commercial activities.
(iv) Tourism and Recreation: Plateaus possess attractive natural features such as waterfalls, caves, rocky landscapes, valleys, and cool climates, which attract tourists, promote recreational activities, earn foreign exchange, and create employment.
(v) Human Settlement: The broad, flat surfaces and cool climate of plateaus make them suitable for the establishment of towns, villages, and cities. They are also less prone to flooding, making them favourable for permanent settlement.
(vi) Transportation: The relatively level surface of many plateaus makes the construction of roads, railways, and airports easier and more economical than in rugged mountainous regions, thereby improving transportation and communication.
(vii) Source of Rivers: Many important rivers originate from plateau regions. These rivers provide water for domestic use, irrigation, fishing, industrial activities, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation.
(viii) Forestry: Some plateaus support dense forests that supply timber, fuelwood, medicinal plants, paper-making materials, and other forest products, contributing to economic development and environmental conservation.
(ix) Employment Opportunities: Economic activities such as agriculture, mining, forestry, tourism, transportation, and power generation on plateaus provide employment opportunities, increase people’s income, and improve their standard of living.
(x) Industrial Development: The availability of minerals, water resources, hydroelectric power, and good transport networks on plateaus encourages the establishment of industries, leading to increased production, economic growth, and national development.
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(4a)
A fault is a fracture or crack in the Earth’s crust along which rocks have been displaced or moved due to tectonic forces.

(4b)
[Diagram]

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Plains provide fertile land for large-scale agriculture.
(ii) They support the growth of settlements and cities.
(iii) They make the construction of roads and railways easier.
(iv) They encourage industrial development due to level land.
(v) They provide grazing land for livestock.
(vi) They support irrigation farming because rivers flow across them.
(vii) They facilitate trade and commerce through easy transportation.
(viii) They provide suitable sites for airports and other infrastructure.
(ix) They create employment opportunities in farming, industry, and commerce.
(x) They promote population concentration because they offer favourable living conditions.
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Neco 2026 Physical Geography And Objectives Answers

(5a)
Given:
Height of mountain = 6000 m
Temperature at the foot = 30°C
Normal lapse rate = 0.6°C per 100 m

Temperature decrease = (6000 ÷ 100) × 0.6
= 60 × 0.6
= 36°C
∴ Temperature at the summit = 30°C − 36°C
= −6°C
Answer: −6°C

(5b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Distance from the Earth’s Surface: The Earth’s surface is the main source of heat for the atmosphere because it absorbs energy from the Sun and then radiates it back. As altitude increases, the air becomes farther away from this heat source, so it receives less heat and the temperature decreases.
(ii) Decrease in Atmospheric Pressure: Atmospheric pressure becomes lower as altitude increases. The lower pressure causes rising air to expand. During expansion, the air loses heat energy and becomes cooler, leading to a decrease in temperature.
(iii) Lower Air Density: The air at high altitudes is less dense because there are fewer air molecules. Since there are fewer molecules to absorb and retain heat, temperatures become lower as altitude increases.
(iv) Adiabatic Cooling: As air rises to higher altitudes, it expands because of the decrease in pressure. This expansion occurs without gaining heat from the surroundings, causing the air to cool naturally. This process is known as adiabatic cooling.
(v) Reduced Absorption of Terrestrial Radiation: Most of the atmosphere is heated by long-wave radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface. At higher altitudes, the amount of this radiation reaching the air is greatly reduced, resulting in lower temperatures.
(vi) Thin Atmosphere: The atmosphere becomes thinner with increasing altitude. A thin atmosphere contains fewer gases to absorb and store heat, so heat escapes more easily, making high-altitude areas much cooler.
(vii) Less Water Vapour: Water vapour is an important greenhouse gas that helps retain heat in the atmosphere. At higher altitudes, the amount of water vapour decreases, reducing the atmosphere’s ability to trap heat and causing temperatures to fall.
(viii) Weaker Greenhouse Effect: The concentration of greenhouse gases is lower at high altitudes. As a result, less heat is trapped within the atmosphere, leading to cooler temperatures than at lower elevations.
(ix) Rapid Heat Loss by Radiation: The thin air at high altitudes allows heat to escape quickly into space through radiation. Since heat is lost faster than it is gained, temperatures remain low in mountainous regions.
(x) Fewer Dust Particles and Other Impurities: Higher altitudes contain fewer dust particles, smoke, and other impurities that normally absorb and retain heat. Because there are fewer of these particles, less heat is stored in the atmosphere, resulting in lower temperatures.
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Neco 2026 Physical Geography And Objectives Answers

(6ai)
Cloud cover is the amount or proportion of the sky covered by clouds at a particular place and time. It is an important element of weather because it influences the amount of sunshine reaching the Earth’s surface, affects temperature, and determines the likelihood of rainfall. Thick cloud cover usually results in cooler daytime temperatures and may lead to precipitation, while little or no cloud cover allows more sunshine and warmer conditions.

(6aii)
Sunshine is the amount or duration of direct sunlight received at a particular place over a given period. It is measured using an instrument called the sunshine recorder. Sunshine provides heat and light, influences temperature, supports plant growth through photosynthesis, and affects evaporation, weather conditions, and human activities.

(6aiii)
Atmospheric pressure is the force or weight exerted by the air pressing down on the Earth’s surface. It is measured with a barometer and is usually expressed in millibars or hectopascals. Differences in atmospheric pressure cause winds to blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure and greatly influence weather conditions such as rainfall, storms, and clear skies.

(6b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Agricultural Planning: Precipitation records help farmers determine the appropriate time for planting, weeding, and harvesting crops. They also enable farmers to select suitable crop varieties based on the amount and distribution of rainfall in an area.
(ii) Irrigation Development: Rainfall records assist in planning irrigation schemes by indicating when and where additional water is needed. This helps ensure a steady supply of water for crops during dry periods.
(iii) Flood Prediction and Control: Information from precipitation records helps meteorologists and government agencies predict heavy rainfall that may lead to flooding. This allows communities to take preventive measures and reduce the loss of lives and property.
(iv) Construction of Dams and Reservoirs: Engineers use precipitation records to determine the amount of water available for constructing dams, reservoirs, and other water storage facilities needed for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.
(v) Hydroelectric Power Generation: Rainfall records help in estimating the amount of water that will be available in rivers and reservoirs for generating hydroelectric power. This ensures proper planning and management of electricity supply.
(vi) Weather Forecasting: Meteorologists use precipitation records to study rainfall patterns and make accurate weather forecasts. These forecasts help farmers, pilots, sailors, and the general public prepare for future weather conditions.
(vii) Water Resource Management: Rainfall records provide valuable information for managing water resources effectively. They help in planning the supply of water for homes, industries, agriculture, and other human activities throughout the year.
(viii) Engineering and Construction Projects: Engineers rely on precipitation records when designing roads, bridges, drainage systems, buildings, and other infrastructure. This helps ensure that such structures can withstand heavy rainfall and reduce the risk of damage.
(ix) Drought Monitoring and Prevention: Long-term precipitation records help governments identify areas that are prone to drought. This enables them to plan water conservation measures, provide relief materials, and reduce the effects of water shortages.
(x) Climate and Environmental Research: Scientists use precipitation records to study climate change, weather patterns, and environmental conditions over time. This information is important for environmental conservation, disaster management, and sustainable national development.
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Neco 2026 Physical Geography And Objectives Answers

(7a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Agricultural expansion.
(ii) Logging for timber.
(iii) Fuelwood and charcoal production.
(iv) Bush burning.
(v) Urbanization and settlement expansion.
(vi) Road and railway construction.
(vii) Mining and quarrying activities.
(viii) Industrial development.
(ix) Overgrazing by livestock.
(x) Population growth and increasing demand for land.

(7b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Loss of Biodiversity: Deforestation destroys the natural habitats of many plants, animals, birds, and other wildlife. As forests are cleared, many species are forced to migrate while others become endangered or extinct. This reduces biodiversity and disrupts the ecological balance of the environment.
(ii) Soil Erosion: Trees help bind the soil together with their roots and protect it from the direct impact of rainfall. When forests are removed, the soil becomes exposed to wind and water erosion. The fertile topsoil is washed away, reducing soil fertility and lowering agricultural productivity.
(iii) Climate Change and Global Warming: Trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. When forests are cut down, less carbon dioxide is absorbed, causing greenhouse gases to accumulate in the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming, climate change, and rising temperatures.
(iv) Desertification: Continuous deforestation exposes the land to intense sunlight, strong winds, and excessive evaporation. Over time, fertile land loses its moisture and vegetation, gradually becoming dry and barren. This process leads to the expansion of deserts, especially in semi-arid regions.
(v) Flooding: Forests reduce the speed of surface runoff by allowing rainwater to infiltrate the soil. When trees are removed, rainwater flows rapidly over the land, increasing the chances of flooding. Floods destroy farmlands, roads, bridges, houses, and may also result in loss of lives.
(vi) Reduction in Rainfall: Trees release water vapour into the atmosphere through transpiration, which contributes to cloud formation and rainfall. Deforestation reduces this process, leading to decreased rainfall, prolonged dry seasons, drought, and shortages of water for domestic and agricultural use.
(vii) Loss of Forest Resources: Deforestation reduces the availability of valuable forest products such as timber, fuelwood, medicinal plants, fruits, fibres, and other raw materials. This affects industries that depend on forest resources and reduces the income earned from forestry activities.
(viii) Disruption of Human Livelihoods: Many people depend on forests for farming, hunting, fishing, tourism, and the collection of forest products. Deforestation destroys these means of livelihood, increases unemployment and poverty, forces people to migrate, and lowers their overall standard of living.
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(8a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Geographic Information System (GIS) application refers to the practical use of Geographic Information System technology to collect, store, manage, analyze and display geographical or spatial data for solving real-life problems and supporting decision-making. GIS combines maps with computer technology to show the location, distribution and relationship of physical and human features on the Earth’s surface.

OR

Geographic Information System (GIS) application is the use of GIS technology to collect, process, store, analyze, retrieve and display information that is related to specific locations on the Earth’s surface. It combines computer technology with maps and geographical data to provide accurate information about the location, distribution and relationship of physical and human features. GIS is widely used to solve geographical and environmental problems, produce maps, monitor changes in the environment and support effective decision-making.

(8b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) High cost of equipment and software: GIS application requires sophisticated computers, GPS receivers, satellite images, scanners, plotters and licensed GIS software, all of which are very expensive to purchase and maintain. Most government agencies, schools, research institutions and private organizations in Nigeria cannot afford these facilities because of limited financial resources. The high cost of updating software and replacing obsolete equipment also discourages the widespread adoption and effective use of GIS technology across the country.

(ii) Inadequate skilled personnel: GIS is a highly technical field that requires trained professionals with knowledge of cartography, remote sensing, computer programming, database management and spatial analysis. Nigeria has an inadequate number of qualified GIS experts due to limited training opportunities and insufficient investment in capacity building. As a result, many organizations depend on a few specialists or foreign experts, leading to delays in project execution, poor data analysis and inefficient use of GIS technology.

(iii) Inadequate and unreliable data: Effective GIS application depends on the availability of accurate, current and comprehensive geographical data. In Nigeria, many maps, land records and spatial databases are outdated, incomplete or inaccurate because they are not updated regularly. Some areas also lack proper geographical information due to poor surveying and data collection. This reduces the reliability of GIS analysis and may lead to poor planning, wrong decisions and ineffective implementation of development projects.

(iv) Poor power supply: GIS operations rely heavily on electricity to power computers, servers, GPS equipment and other electronic devices. However, the irregular and unstable power supply in Nigeria frequently interrupts GIS activities, causes loss of valuable data and damages expensive equipment. Many organizations are forced to depend on generators and alternative power sources, which increase the cost of operating GIS systems and reduce overall efficiency.

(v) Poor funding: Adequate funding is essential for acquiring modern GIS equipment, purchasing software licences, collecting spatial data, conducting field surveys and training personnel. In Nigeria, many government agencies and research institutions receive insufficient financial support for GIS-related projects. This lack of funding limits the expansion of GIS programmes, delays project implementation and prevents regular updating of equipment and databases needed for effective planning and development.

(vi) Poor internet and communication facilities: Modern GIS applications often depend on reliable internet services for downloading satellite imagery, sharing geographical data, accessing online databases and communicating with other institutions. In many parts of Nigeria, internet services are slow, unreliable or completely unavailable. This makes it difficult to exchange information quickly, delays GIS projects and reduces the efficiency of data analysis and decision-making.

(vii) Lack of public awareness: Many people, including government officials, policymakers and members of the public, have little knowledge of the importance and benefits of GIS technology. Because of this limited awareness, GIS is often given low priority in development planning and government policies. Many organizations also fail to invest in GIS because they do not fully understand its usefulness in solving environmental, agricultural, transportation and urban planning problems.

(viii) Rapid technological changes: GIS technology is constantly improving with the introduction of new software, hardware and methods of data collection. Many organizations in Nigeria find it difficult to keep pace with these changes because of financial constraints and limited technical expertise. As a result, they continue using outdated equipment and software that cannot meet modern GIS requirements, thereby reducing the accuracy, efficiency and effectiveness of GIS applications.