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NECO 2026 Biology Answers (Objective & Essay) | Questions & Solutions

ONDO BIOLOGY OBJ
01-10: ABEEEABBBD
11-20: ADBCABBBDE
21-30: EDCABBDCBA
31-40: ABAACBEBBE
41-50: CDEBBBCCBA
51-60: EEDEDACDCC

EBONYI/NASSARAWA STATE BIOLOGY OBJ

1. B. ribosome
2. E. holophytic
3. C. ribosome
4. D. protoplasm
5. E. coal
6. A. Movement of ears
7. E. symbiosis
8. C. tendons
9. B. Contractile vacuole
10. B. homeostasis
11. E. back
12. E. berry
13. E. axis
14. D. producers
15. A. tooth
16. B. commensalism
17. C. trophic
18. B. stomata
19. C. it controls other glands
20. B. sea
21. E. petal
22. B. geotropism
23. D. ecology
24. B. air
25. B. protandry
26. E. parasitism
27. A. coelentrata
28. E. rabbit
53. C. parasitic
54. C. Clay
55. B. phloem
56. C. shigella
57. A. species
58. A. nucleus
59. C. stigma, style and ovary
60. A. iodine solution
=========================

BIOLOGY LAGOS NECO OBJ
1-10 EBBDAABDCC
11-20 DEABBDEECA
21-30 BADACAEDBD
31-40 CEDBCEBDBB
41-50 EDBACBDCAB
51-50 ADDBDBBBCB

===============================
*KADUNA STATE AND OTHER STATES OBJ SOLUTIONS*

*TRACE ACCORDINGLY TO YOUR QUESTIONS*

1. The food substance that gives the highest amount of calories is
C. groundnut.
2. An example of organism that give birth to its young ones alive is
B. rabbit.
3. The caste that provides food for the termite colony is
C. worker.
4. The number of daughter cells produced at the end of meiosis is
D. 4.
5. Thoracic vertebrae is located in the
D. chest.
6. The theory of use and disuse of organs was propounded by
A. Jean Lamarck.
7. Excessive bleeding is due to deficiency of vitamin
C. K.
8. An example of a protozoan is
D. paramecium.
9. A dry indehiscent fruit containing one seed and hairy pappus is called
C. cypselea (cypsela).
10. An example of a marine habitat is
D. sea.
11. An offspring from a cross between parents that are of different species is
D. hybrid.
12. Which of the following is a decomposer?
E. Bacillus.
13. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
E. bile.
14. Example of an invertebrate is
E. jelly fish.
15. The fruit of an orange is classified as
B. berry.
16. The part of a flower that attracts pollinating agents is
D. petal.
17. A plant hormone that influences cell division and shoots formation in flowering plants is
D. cytokinin.
18. A universal donor belongs to the blood group
D. O.
19. Optic nerves are responsible for transmitting messages from
B. eye to brain.
20. Which of the following organisms is a producer?
D. Grass.
21. The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment is called
A. ecology.
22. A fresh water habitat is characterised by high
B. oxygen level.
23. The process by which organisms maintain a fairly constant internal environment is
D. homeostasis.
24. Vegetative reproduction in spirogyra is by
E. fragmentation.
25. Protein deficiency results in
E. kwashiorkor.
26. The instrument used to measure the inclination of the land surface is
D. slope gauge.
27. A diet that lacks roughages causes
A. constipation.
28. The reagent used in testing for the presence of lipids is
A. sudan (Sudan III).
29. An example of organism that exists at tissue level is
C. Hydra.
30. Spindle is labelled as
D. II.
31. The part labelled I is
C. centriole.
32. The phase of mitotic division represented in the figure above is
A. metaphase.
33. The scientific methods of investigation include the following except
B. inference.
34. An example of a biting and chewing insect is
A. termite.
35. The tube through which urine leaves the body is called
E. urethra.
36. Tentacle is a structure found in
A. hydra.
37. Pulmonary circulation involves the movement of blood from heart to
A. lung.
38. The following conditions form the basis for competition among organisms in a habitat except
B. shape.
39. The circulatory system of man is made up of the following except
C. villus.
40. The transfer of pollen grains from another to stigma of a flower is called
E. pollination.
41. The figure above represents a/an stage in the life cycle of a mosquito.
E. adult.
42. The part labelled I is
C. antenna.
43. The structure used for movement is the part labelled
B. IV.
44. The type of germination where cotyledons grow above the soil level is called
A. epigeal.
45. An example of a myriapod is
E. centipede.
46. The reagent used to test for starch is
C. iodine solution.
47. Onchocerca volvulus is transmitted by
C. blackfly.
48. The theory of evolution by natural selection was propounded by
E. Darwin.
49. The process by which micro organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compound is known as
D. nitrogen fixation.
50. The increase in the width of blood vessels in mammals due to high temperature is known as
E. vasodilation.
51. The enzyme responsible for digestion of starch is
D. ptyalin.
52. Translocation of manufactured food takes place through
B. phloem.
53. The uniform spreading of an ink in a beaker that contains water is by the process of
D. diffusion.
54. Parental care is exhibited by
B. rat.
55. Which of the following allelic pairs represents a homozygous recessive trait?
D. tt.
56. The species of pathogenic organism that causes dysentery is
D. shigella.
57. Which of the following soil types has the finest particles?
D. Clay.
58. Secchi disc is an ecological instrument used for measuring
E. turbidity.
59. Manufactured food is transported in plant through
C. phloem.
60. The group of organisms that freely interbreed to produce fertile offsprings is called
D. species.

INFORMATION REACHING US INDICATES THAT THE QUESTIONS APPEAR TO HAVE TWO OR THREE DIFFERENT VERSIONS. PLEASE DO NOT PANIC. JUST STAY CONNECTED.

*NECO NIGER, NASARAWA AND ZAMFARA STATE ANSWERS*

_ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS_

(1ai)
(i) Flowers are generally large and easily noticed.
(ii) They have brightly coloured petals that attract pollinators.
(iii) Nectar is produced by the flowers.
(iv) They emit pleasant scents to attract insects.
(v) Their pollen grains are heavy, rough-textured, sticky, and relatively large.

(1aii)
[IN TABULAR FORM]

=Arteries=
(i) Transport blood away from the heart.
(ii) Have thick, muscular, and elastic walls.

=VEINS=
(i) Transport blood back to the heart.
(ii) Have thinner walls and contain valves.

(1bi)
DIAGRAM

(1bii)
(i) Water is absorbed into root hairs through osmosis.
(ii) Mineral ions enter the roots by active uptake.
(iii) Water and dissolved minerals pass through the cortex to the xylem vessels.
(iv) The upward movement of water occurs through transpiration pull, capillary action, and root pressure.
===========================

(2ai)
(i) Egg stage.
(ii) Larval stage.
(iii) Pupal stage.
(iv) Adult stage (Imago).

(2aii)
(i) Presence of a thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves are reduced to spines or scales.
(iii) Stomata are deeply sunken.
(iv) Stomata are few in number.
(v) Stems are fleshy and store water.
(vi) Possess a well-developed root system.

(2bi)
(i) Trees are tall and remain green throughout the year.
(ii) Plants have broad leaves with drip tips for shedding excess water.
(iii) Vegetation is thick and arranged in distinct layers.

(2bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================

(3ai)
(i) Oxygen gas.
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas.
(iii) Nutrients from digested food.
(iv) Hormonal substances.
(v) Urea.

(3aii)
(i) Littoral region.
(ii) Neritic region.
(iii) Oceanic region.

(3aiii)
(i) Secretion of bile.
(ii) Storage of glycogen reserves.
(iii) Removal of toxic substances from the body.
(iv) Breakdown of excess amino acids through deamination.

(3b)
DIAGRAM
===========================

(4ai)
A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted in small amounts by endocrine glands and carried through the bloodstream to specific target organs where it performs particular functions.

(4aii)
Gibberellin:
(i) Encourages elongation of stems.
(ii) Stimulates the breaking of seed dormancy.

Ethylene:
(i) Enhances fruit ripening.
(ii) Promotes the shedding of leaves and fruits.

(4aiii)
(i) Incisors.
(ii) Canine teeth.
(iii) Premolars.
(iv) Molars.

(4bi)
A true fruit develops entirely from the fertilized ovary of a flower without involvement of other floral parts.

(4bii)
DIAGRAM
===========================

(5ai)
DIAGRAM

(5aii)
(i) Dispersal by wind.
(ii) Dispersal by water.
(iii) Dispersal by animals.
(iv) Explosive seed dispersal.

(5bi)
(i) Determination of individual identity.
(ii) Improvement of plants and animals through breeding.
(iii) Grouping and classification of living organisms.

(5bii)
(i) Transmission of diseases.
(ii) Greater competition for available food and living space.

(5biii)
(i) Gills.
(ii) Lungs.
(iii) Tracheal system.
(iv) Skin surface.
(v) Book lungs.
===========================

COMPLETED

ANAMBRA AND ENUGU

NECO BIOLOGY OBJ
===================
BIOLOGY
01-10: AECBAACADE
11-20: ECBDEBCDEA
21-30: CADBCDEBBA
31-40: AACEBDACBC
41-50: DECBEBEDAE
51-60: AAAEBDCBBB

COMPLETED

=====================

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ONLY (3) THREE IN ALL

(1ai)
Tolerance is the ability of a living organism to withstand or survive changes in environmental conditions within certain limits without being harmed.

(1aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food (nutrients)
(iv) Water
(v) Mineral salts
(vi) Hormones
(vii) Urea and other metabolic wastes
(viii) Antibodies

(1b)
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase

(1c)
(i) Termites live in colonies where they cooperate in feeding, defence, and reproduction, increasing their chances of survival.
(ii) They exhibit division of labour, with workers, soldiers, and reproductive termites performing specialized functions for the benefit of the colony.
(iii) They build protective mounds and underground tunnels that provide shelter from predators, harsh weather, and water loss.
(iv) They forage through covered mud tunnels, protecting themselves from enemies and direct sunlight while searching for food.
(v) Worker termites care for the eggs and young by feeding, grooming, and protecting them until they mature, ensuring the continuity of the colony.

*NECO BIOLOGY*

*NUMBER TWO*

(2ai)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Kidney
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin
(iv) Gills
(v) Nephridia
(vi) Malpighian tubules
(vii) Contractile vacuole

(2aii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Kidney – Human
(ii) Lungs – Goat
(iii) Skin – Frog
(iv) Gills – Fish
(v) Nephridia – Earthworm
(vi) Malpighian tubules – Cockroach
(vii) Contractile vacuole – Amoeba

(2bi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Both remove metabolic waste products from the body.
(ii) Both help maintain water balance (osmoregulation).
(iii) Both regulate the salt or ion content of the body.
(iv) Both help maintain a constant internal environment.
(v) Both eliminate nitrogenous wastes.
(vi) Both are richly supplied with blood or body fluid for filtration.

(2bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Earthworm has a simple excretory system, while mammals have a complex excretory system.
(ii) Earthworm has numerous excretory structures distributed throughout the body, while mammals have only two kidneys.
(iii) In earthworm, the excretory structures are found in almost every body segment, while in mammals the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity.
(iv) Earthworm excretes mainly ammonia, while mammals excrete mainly urea.
(v) Earthworm has no urinary bladder, while mammals have a urinary bladder for storing urine.
(vi) In earthworm, excretory wastes pass directly to the outside through body pores, while in mammals urine passes through the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
(vii) Earthworm filters coelomic fluid during excretion, while mammals filter blood.
(viii) Earthworm has a less efficient excretory system, while mammals have a more efficient excretory system.

(2c)
(i) During the day, guard cells accumulate potassium ions and sugars, causing water to enter by osmosis.
(ii) The guard cells become turgid and curve outward because their inner walls are thicker than the outer walls.
(iii) This causes the stomatal pore to open, allowing gaseous exchange and transpiration.
(iv) At night or during water shortage, potassium ions and sugars leave the guard cells, and water moves out by osmosis.
(v) The guard cells become flaccid, causing the stomatal pore to close and reducing water loss.

*NECO BIOLOGY*

*NUMBER THREE*

(3ai)
=Protein=
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen

=Carbohydrate=
(i) Carbon
(ii) Hydrogen
(iii) Oxygen

(3aii)
Check the diagram

(3aiii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Birth rate (Natality)
(ii) Death rate (Mortality)
(iii) Immigration
(iv) Emigration
(v) Availability of food
(vi) Diseases

(3bi)
Swarming is the movement of a large number of organisms together from one place to another, usually for reproduction, feeding, or colonization.

(3bii)
An epidemic is the rapid spread of a disease that affects a large number of people or organisms in a particular area within a short period.

(3ci)
Parthenocarpy is the development of a fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.

(3cii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Abstinence
(ii) Condom
(iii) Oral contraceptive pills
(iv) Intrauterine device (IUD)
(v) Injectable contraceptives
(vi) Vasectomy
==============================================

(4ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(ii) Enzymes are proteins in nature.
(iii) They are highly specific in their action.
(iv) They are not used up during reactions.
(v) They work effectively in small quantities.
(vi) Their activities are affected by temperature and pH.

(4aii)
(i) Pupil: Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
(ii) Conjunctiva: Protects the eye and keeps it moist.
(iii) Cornea: Refracts light entering the eye and protects the front of the eye.

(4bi)
In a Tabular form

=Transpiration=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is the loss of water from plants in the form of water vapour.
(ii) It occurs only in plants.
(iii) It takes place mainly through the stomata, lenticels and cuticle.
(iv) It helps in cooling the plant body.
(v) It creates transpiration pull for the upward movement of water and minerals.
(vi) It does not remove metabolic waste products.
(vii) It is mainly a physical process.
(viii) It occurs mostly from the aerial parts of plants.

=Excretion=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body of living organisms.
(ii) It occurs in both plants and animals.
(iii) It takes place through excretory organs such as kidneys, lungs, skin and gills.
(iv) It helps to maintain a constant internal environment.
(v) It removes harmful waste products produced during metabolism.
(vi) It eliminates substances such as urea, carbon dioxide and excess salts.
(vii) It is a physiological process.
(viii) It occurs in specialized excretory organs or tissues.

(4bii)
(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.

(4c)
Draw the diagram above

==============================================

(5ai) In a Tabular form

=Root=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Root grows below the soil surface.
(ii) Root has a root cap at its tip.
(iii) Root has no nodes and internodes.
(iv) Root has no buds, leaves or flowers.
(v) Root absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil.
(vi) Root anchors the plant firmly in the soil.
(vii) Root is usually non-green and does not carry out photosynthesis.
(viii) Root shows positive geotropism and negative phototropism.

=Stem=
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Stem usually grows above the soil surface.
(ii) Stem has no root cap.
(iii) Stem possesses nodes and internodes.
(iv) Stem bears buds, leaves, flowers and fruits.
(v) Stem conducts water, minerals and manufactured food.
(vi) Stem supports the aerial parts of the plant.
(vii) Stem is usually green when young and may carry out photosynthesis.
(viii) Stem shows negative geotropism and positive phototropism.

(5aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is large and heavy.
(ii) It has a thick, broad centrum.
(iii) It has a short and blunt spinous process.
(iv) It possesses a large vertebral foramen.
(v) It has broad transverse processes.
(vi) It has articular facets for joining adjacent vertebrae.
(vii) It bears no rib facets.

(5bi)
(i) Collenchyma.
(ii) Sclerenchyma.
(iii) Xylem.

(5bii)
(i) Haemophilia: A hereditary disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally, causing excessive bleeding.
(ii) Mutation: A sudden, permanent change in the genetic material (DNA) or in the structure of a chromosome.
(iii) Sex-linked character: A characteristic controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes, especially the X chromosome.

(5ci)
(i) Crop farming.
(ii) Livestock farming.
(iii) Mixed farming.

(5cii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Drying.
(ii) Smoking.
(iii) Salting.
(iv) Refrigeration.

COMPLETE BY NAIJACLASS ACADEMY
==============================================

NECO 2026 Biology Answers (Objective & Essay) (ENUGU )

1(a)

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain, digest, absorb, and utilize food nutrients for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance of the body.

1(a) ii.

[PICK ANY FIVE]

i. Builds and repairs worn-out body tissues.
ii. Promotes growth and development.
iii. Forms enzymes and hormones.
iv. Produces antibodies for body defence.
v. Serves as a source of energy when necessary.
vi. Maintains body cells and tissues.

1(a) iii.

[PICK ANY FOUR]

i. They grow naturally in saline or salty environments.
ii. They possess salt-tolerant tissues.
iii. They have succulent leaves or stems for water storage.
iv. They can excrete excess salt through salt glands.
v. They have reduced transpiration to conserve water.

1(b)

i. Stoma: Allows gaseous exchange and transpiration.
ii. Synovial fluid: Lubricates joints and reduces friction between bones.
iii. Tendon: Connects muscles to bones.
iv. Root hair: Absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil.

1(c)

Experiment to Show That Chlorophyll Is Necessary for Photosynthesis

A variegated plant is exposed to sunlight for several hours. A leaf is plucked and boiled in water to kill the cells. The leaf is then boiled in alcohol inside a water bath to remove chlorophyll. It is rinsed in warm water to soften it, spread on a white tile, and iodine solution is added. The green parts of the leaf turn blue-black, while the non-green parts remain brown. This shows that only the green parts containing chlorophyll manufacture starch during photosynthesis; therefore, chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.

2(a) i.

[PICK ANY FOUR]

i. Egg
ii. Larva
iii. Pupa
iv. Adult (Imago)

2(a) ii.

[PICK ANY EIGHT]

i. Thick waxy cuticle.
ii. Reduced leaf surface area.
iii. Leaves modified into spines.
iv. Sunken stomata.
v. Few stomata.
vi. Succulent stems or leaves.
vii. Hairy leaves.
viii. Extensive root system.
ix. Rolled leaves.

2(b) i.

[PICK ANY FIVE]

i. Tall trees with broad leaves.
ii. Presence of buttress roots.
iii. Thin bark.
iv. Evergreen nature.
v. Drip-tip leaves.
vi. Presence of climbers and lianas.
vii. Dense canopy.

2(b) ii.

Process of Mitosis

Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

i. During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible while the nuclear membrane disappears.
ii. During metaphase, chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
iii. During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
iv. During telophase, new nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
v. Cytokinesis follows, dividing the cytoplasm to produce two identical daughter cells.

3(a)

Reflex Arc

A reflex arc is the pathway followed by a nerve impulse during a reflex action.

The stimulus is detected by a receptor, transmitted through the sensory neuron to the spinal cord, relayed by an interneuron, carried by the motor neuron, and finally reaches the effector which produces a rapid response.

3(b) i.

[PICK ANY FOUR]

i. Enzymes are protein in nature.
ii. They are highly specific in their action.
iii. They are not used up during reactions.
iv. They speed up chemical reactions.
v. They work best at optimum temperature and pH.

3(b) ii.

[PICK ANY FIVE]

i. Respiration releases energy, while photosynthesis stores energy.
ii. Respiration occurs in all living cells, while photosynthesis occurs only in green cells containing chlorophyll.
iii. Respiration takes place day and night, while photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light.
iv. Respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.
v. Respiration breaks down glucose, while photosynthesis manufactures glucose.

3(c) i.

[PICK ANY FOUR]

i. It has hairy legs that pick up disease-causing organisms.
ii. It has sticky pads on its feet that carry germs.
iii. It feeds on faeces and later contaminates food.
iv. It has mouthparts that transfer pathogens to food.

3(c) ii.

[PICK ANY FOUR]

i. It provides energy for photosynthesis.
ii. It promotes flowering in some plants.
iii. It influences seed germination.
iv. It regulates plant growth and phototropism.

4(a) i.

[PICK ANY FIVE]

i. Enzymes are biological catalysts.
ii. They are highly specific.
iii. They are not destroyed after reactions.
iv. They are affected by temperature.
v. They are affected by pH.
vi. Small amounts are required for reactions.

4(a) ii.

i. Pupil: Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
ii. Conjunction (Conjunctiva): Protects and lubricates the front surface of the eye.
iii. Cornea: Refracts and focuses light entering the eye.

4(b) i.

Transpiration Excretion

Loss of water vapour from aerial parts of plants. Removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
Occurs mainly through stomata, lenticels, and cuticle. Occurs through organs such as kidneys, lungs, and skin in animals.
Mainly removes excess water. Removes wastes such as urea, carbon dioxide, and excess salts.

4(b) ii.

[PICK ANY THREE]

i. Shoulder joint.
ii. Hip joint.
iii. Pectoral girdle region.

4(c)

Draw and label a plant cell showing the following parts:

i. Cell wall
ii. Cell membrane
iii. Cytoplasm
iv. Nucleus
v. Nucleolus
vi. Large central vacuole
vii. Chloroplasts
viii. Mitochondrion
ix. Endoplasmic reticulum
x. Golgi body

===========================================

*EBONYI/NASSARAWA BIOLOGY*

*NUMBER TWO*
(2ai)
The four stages of complete metamorphosis in chronological order are:
(i) Egg
(ii) Larva
(iii) Pupa
(iv) Adult insect

(2aii)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Thick waxy cuticle on leaves.
(ii) Sunken stomata.
(iii) Reduced number of stomata.
(iv) Small or needle-like leaves.
(v) Leaves covered with hairs.
(vi) Leaves rolled inward.
(vii) Extensive root system.
(viii) Succulent stems for water storage.

(2bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) They have tall trees forming a canopy.
(ii) They have abundant rainfall throughout the year.
(iii) They have high biodiversity.
(iv) They have dense vegetation.
(v) They have broad evergreen leaves.

*EBONYI/NASSARAWA NECO BIOLOGY*

*NUMBER FOUR*
(4ai)
A hormone is a chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland or plant tissue which is transported to another part of the body where it brings about a specific response.

(4aii)
*=Gibberellin=*
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) It promotes stem elongation and growth.
(ii) It breaks seed dormancy and stimulates germination.
(iii) It promotes flowering and fruit development.
(iv) It increases the size of fruits.

*=Ethylene=*
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) It promotes ripening of fruits.
(ii) It causes leaf and flower fall (abscission).
(iii) It promotes ageing of plants.
(iv) It helps in seed germination.

(4aiii)

(i) Incisors
(ii) Canines
(iii) Premolars
(iv) Molars

(4bi)
A true fruit is a fruit that develops from the ovary of a flower after fertilization.

*EBONYI/NASSARAWA BIOLOGY*

*NUMBER FIVE*

(5ai)
Check the diagram below

(5aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Wind dispersal
(ii) Water dispersal
(iii) Animal dispersal
(iv) Explosive/mechanical dispersal
(v) Self-dispersal

(5bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Identification of individuals through fingerprints.
(ii) Selection and breeding of improved crops and animals.
(iii) Forensic investigations.
(iv) Choosing suitable traits in breeding programmes.
(v) Diagnosis of genetic disorders.

(5bii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Spread of diseases.
(ii) Shortage of food and resources.
(iii) Increased competition for survival.
(iv) Poor sanitation.
(v) Environmental pollution.

(5biii)
(i) Lungs
(ii) Gills
(iii) Trachea
(iv) Body surface/skin
(v) Book lungs

=================================================

*ABUJA BIOLOGY*

QUESTION 1

(1a) The mechanism of vision in man involves the following processes:
(i) Light rays from an object enter the eye through the cornea, where they are refracted.
(ii) The rays pass through the aqueous humour and enter the pupil, whose size is controlled by the iris.
(iii) The rays pass through the lens, which changes its shape (accommodation) to focus the image.
(iv) The lens refracts the rays through the vitreous humour onto the retina, especially the yellow spot (fovea).
(v) A real, inverted and diminished image is formed on the retina.
(vi) The rods and cones convert the light into nerve impulses.
(vii) The impulses are transmitted through the optic nerve to the cerebrum where they are interpreted, enabling vision.

(1b) Draw a well-labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of mammalian skin.

Required labels:
(i) Hair shaft
(ii) Hair follicle
(iii) Sweat pore
(iv) Sweat gland
(v) Sebaceous gland
(vi) Arrector pili muscle
(vii) Epidermis
(viii) Dermis
(ix) Subcutaneous fat (Hypodermis)
(x) Blood capillaries
(xi) Nerve endings

(1ci) List three importance of genetics.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It helps in the improvement of crop and livestock breeds.
(ii) It helps in the diagnosis and control of hereditary diseases.
(iii) It assists in solving paternity and forensic cases.
(iv) It helps in genetic counselling before marriage.
(v) It is useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

(1cii) State four evidences of evolution.
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Fossil records.
(ii) Comparative anatomy.
(iii) Comparative embryology.
(iv) Vestigial organs.
(v) Comparative physiology.
(vi) Molecular/DNA evidence.

QUESTION 2

(2ai) Tolerance is the ability of an organism to withstand changes in environmental conditions within certain limits without dying.

(2aii) Name four materials transported by the blood.
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Oxygen
(ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Digested food nutrients
(iv) Hormones
(v) Water
(vi) Mineral salts
(vii) Urea and other metabolic wastes
(viii) Antibodies

(2b) State four stages of mitotic division in sequential order.
(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase

(2c) Describe five behavioural adaptations of termites which enable them to survive in their environment.
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) They live in colonies with division of labour among workers, soldiers and reproductives.
(ii) They build large mounds that regulate temperature and humidity.
(iii) Workers constantly repair damaged parts of the nest.
(iv) Soldiers defend the colony with strong mandibles or chemical secretions.
(v) They communicate through chemical substances (pheromones).
(vi) They avoid direct sunlight by moving through covered tunnels.
(vii) Workers feed the queen, king and young ones.
(viii) They cultivate fungi inside the nest as a food source.

QUESTION 3

(3ai) Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall when a plant cell loses water by osmosis in a hypertonic solution.

(3aii) Ecological niche is the role or function of an organism in its habitat, including how it obtains food, reproduces and interacts with other organisms.

(3bi) Copy and complete Table 2.1.

(3bii) Give four effects of food shortage on population.
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Increase in death rate.
(ii) Malnutrition and starvation.
(iii) Migration to places with better food supply.
(iv) Reduction in population size.
(v) Increased spread of diseases.
(vi) Reduced birth rate.

(3biii) State Mendel’s law of segregation.

The two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation so that each gamete carries only one allele of a pair. They unite randomly during fertilization.

(3c) Explain the process involved when a person in a darkroom becomes temporarily blind if suddenly exposed to bright light.
(i) In a dark room, the pupil becomes widely dilated to admit more light.
(ii) The rods become highly sensitive because rhodopsin accumulates.
(iii) When suddenly exposed to bright light, excessive light enters the eye.
(iv) The rhodopsin in the rods is rapidly bleached.
(v) The retina becomes overstimulated, producing temporary blindness or dazzling.
(vi) The iris quickly contracts the pupil to reduce the amount of light entering the eye.
(vii) After a short time, the eye adapts to the bright light and normal vision is restored.

QUESTION 4

(4ai) Using diagrams only, illustrate short-sightedness (myopia) and its correction.

Draw and label:
(i) Eye with image formed in front of the retina (Myopia).
(ii) Eye corrected with a concave (diverging) lens, showing image formed on the retina.

(4aii) List four methods of dispersal of seeds and fruits.
(i) Wind
(ii) Water
(iii) Animals
(iv) Explosive mechanism (self-dispersal)

(4bi) Mention three applications of variation to man.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Identification of individuals.
(ii) Plant and animal breeding.
(iii) Classification of organisms.
(iv) Forensic investigations.
(v) Blood transfusion compatibility.

(4bii) State two effects of overcrowding.
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Rapid spread of diseases.
(ii) Competition for food and space.
(iii) Increased mortality.
(iv) Environmental pollution.
(v) Poor sanitation.

(4biii) Give five types of respiratory organs in organisms.
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Gills
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Tracheae
(iv) Skin (body surface)
(v) Spiracles
(vi) Book lungs
(vii) Book gills

QUESTION 5

(5ai) Name the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle.
(i) Ilium
(ii) Ischium
(iii) Pubis

(5aii) Give three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

(5bi) Describe the process involved in the use of a quadrat for sampling species in an ecological study.
(i) A suitable quadrat of known dimensions is selected.
(ii) The study area is marked out.
(iii) The quadrat is thrown randomly or placed at regular intervals.
(iv) All organisms within the quadrat are identified and counted.
(v) The procedure is repeated several times in different locations.
(vi) The average number of organisms per quadrat is calculated and used to estimate the population density of the species.

(5bii) Give three symptoms of a child with protein deficiency.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Swollen abdomen (pot belly)
(ii) Oedema (swelling of feet and face)
(iii) Stunted growth
(iv) Discoloured or sparse hair
(v) Muscle wasting
(vi) Dry and flaky skin

(5ci) State one function of Calyx.

The calyx protects the flower when it is in the bud stage.

(5cii) State one function of Mammalian hair.

The mammalian hair helps in insulation by reducing heat loss and protecting the body.

========================

**PLATEAU BIOLOGY**

### QUESTION 1

**(1ai)** Define the term nutrition.

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize food substances for energy, growth, repair of worn-out tissues and maintenance of life.

**(1aii)** Mention four functions of proteins to the body.

**(PICK ANY FOUR)**

(i) Growth of body tissues.
(ii) Repair of worn-out tissues.
(iii) Formation of enzymes and hormones.
(iv) Formation of antibodies for body defence.
(v) Production of body cells.
(vi) Can serve as a source of energy when necessary.

**(1aiii)** State two characteristics of halophytes.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) They grow naturally in saline or salty habitats.
(ii) They possess succulent leaves or stems for water storage.
(iii) They have thick waxy cuticles.
(iv) They possess salt glands for removing excess salts.
(v) They have extensive root systems for water absorption.

**(1bi)** State one function each of the following.

**(i) Stoma**
Allows gaseous exchange and regulates transpiration.

**(ii) Synovial fluid**
Lubricates the joints and reduces friction during movement.

**(iii) Tendon**
Attaches muscle to bone.

**(iv) Root hair**
Absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil.

**(1c)** With the aid of diagrams, describe an experiment to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis to take place.

(i) Obtain a healthy potted plant with variegated leaves.
(ii) Keep the plant in the dark for about 24–48 hours to remove stored starch.
(iii) Expose the plant to sunlight for about 4–6 hours.
(iv) Pluck a variegated leaf and draw its appearance before testing.
(v) Boil the leaf in water for about one minute.
(vi) Transfer the leaf into hot alcohol in a water bath to remove chlorophyll.
(vii) Rinse the leaf in warm water to soften it.
(viii) Add iodine solution to the leaf.
(ix) The green parts turn blue-black, showing the presence of starch.
(x) The non-green parts remain brown or yellow, showing the absence of starch.
(xi) Conclusion: Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.

==========================

### QUESTION 2

**(2ai)** List the four stages of complete metamorphosis in chronological order.

(i) Egg
(ii) Larva
(iii) Pupa
(iv) Adult (Imago)

**(2aii)** Mention six structural adaptations to prevent water loss in xerophytes.

**(PICK ANY SIX)**

(i) Thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves reduced to spines or scales.
(iii) Sunken stomata.
(iv) Few stomata on the leaf surface.
(v) Succulent stems or leaves for water storage.
(vi) Rolled or folded leaves.
(vii) Hairy leaves to reduce transpiration.
(viii) Extensive root system.
(ix) Thick epidermis.

**(2bi)** Give three characteristics of plants in tropical rain forest.

**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) They are mostly tall trees.
(ii) They have broad evergreen leaves.
(iii) They form a dense canopy.
(iv) Many possess buttress roots.
(v) They support numerous climbers and epiphytes.
(vi) They grow in areas of heavy rainfall.

**(2bii)** With the aid of annotated diagrams only, describe the process of mitosis.

Draw and label the following stages:

(i) Prophase
(ii) Metaphase
(iii) Anaphase
(iv) Telophase

**Required labels:**

* Chromosomes
* Chromatids
* Centromere
* Spindle fibres
* Equator
* Nuclear membrane
* Daughter chromosomes
* Cleavage furrow (animal cell) / Cell plate (plant cell)

==========================

### QUESTION 3

**(3a)** With the aid of a diagram, describe the reflex arc.

(i) A stimulus is received by a receptor (e.g. skin).
(ii) The receptor converts the stimulus into a nerve impulse.
(iii) The impulse is transmitted through the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
(iv) In the spinal cord, the impulse passes through a relay (association) neurone.
(v) The relay neurone transmits the impulse to a motor neurone.
(vi) The motor neurone carries the impulse to the effector (muscle or gland).
(vii) The effector responds immediately by contracting or secreting.
(viii) The response is rapid and involuntary.

**Required labels for the diagram:**

* Stimulus
* Receptor
* Sensory neurone
* Dorsal root ganglion
* Relay neurone
* Spinal cord
* Motor neurone
* Ventral root
* Effector (muscle/gland)
* Response

**(3bi)** State two characteristics of an enzyme.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) Enzymes are protein in nature.
(ii) They are biological catalysts.
(iii) They are specific in their action.
(iv) They are not used up during reactions.
(v) They are effective in small quantities.
(vi) Their activities are affected by temperature and pH.

**(3bii)** Mention three differences between respiration and photosynthesis.

**(3ci)** Give two ways by which a housefly is adapted as a vector of cholera.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It has hairy legs and body that trap disease-causing organisms.
(ii) It feeds on faeces and later contaminates food.
(iii) It possesses sticky pads (pulvilli) for carrying pathogens.
(iv) It regurgitates contaminated food onto clean food before feeding.

**(3cii)** List two importance of sunlight to plant life.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It provides energy for photosynthesis.
(ii) It promotes chlorophyll formation.
(iii) It influences flowering and fruiting (photoperiodism).
(iv) It aids seed germination in some plants.
==============================

### QUESTION 4

**(4ai)** Mention three properties of enzyme.

**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Enzymes are protein in nature.
(ii) They are specific in their action.
(iii) They are not used up during the reaction.
(iv) They are effective in small quantities.
(v) Their activities are affected by temperature.
(vi) Their activities are affected by pH.
(vii) They speed up chemical reactions.

**(4aii)** State the function of the following.

**(i) Pupil**
Regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

**(ii) Conjunctiva**
Protects and lubricates the front surface of the eye.

**(iii) Cornea**
Refracts light rays entering the eye to aid focusing.

**(4bi)** In a tabular form, state three differences between transpiration and excretion.

| **Transpiration** | **Excretion** |
| ————————————————————— | ——————————————————————– |
| It is the loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of plants. | It is the removal of metabolic waste products from living organisms. |
| Occurs mainly through the stomata, lenticels and cuticle. | Occurs through organs such as kidneys, lungs and skin in animals. |
| Removes mainly excess water. | Removes wastes such as urea, carbon dioxide, excess salts and water. |

**(4bii)** State two places where ball and socket joints are found in the body.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.

**(4c)** Draw a well-labelled diagram (8–10 cm long) of a plant cell.

**Required labels:**

(i) Cell wall
(ii) Cell membrane
(iii) Cytoplasm
(iv) Nucleus
(v) Nucleolus
(vi) Large vacuole
(vii) Tonoplast
(viii) Chloroplast
(ix) Mitochondrion
(x) Plasmodesmata

====================================

### QUESTION 5

**(5ai)** Define the following terms.

**(i) Habitat**
Habitat is the natural environment or place where an organism lives.

**(ii) Ecology**
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment.

**(5aii)** State four abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms.

**(PICK ANY FOUR)**

(i) Temperature.
(ii) Light intensity.
(iii) Rainfall.
(iv) Humidity.
(v) Wind.
(vi) Soil pH.
(vii) Soil texture.
(viii) Water availability.

**(5bi)** Mention four methods of conserving natural resources.

**(PICK ANY FOUR)**

(i) Afforestation.
(ii) Reforestation.
(iii) Establishment of game reserves and national parks.
(iv) Enforcement of conservation laws.
(v) Controlled grazing.
(vi) Prevention of bush burning.
(vii) Prevention of pollution.
(viii) Sustainable harvesting of forest resources.

**(5bii)** State three importance of conservation.

**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Prevents extinction of plants and animals.
(ii) Maintains ecological balance.
(iii) Preserves biodiversity.
(iv) Ensures continuous availability of natural resources.
(v) Protects endangered species.
(vi) Promotes scientific research and education.

**(5ci)** State three differences between food chain and food web.

**(5cii)** Mention four examples of decomposers.

**(PICK ANY FOUR)**

(i) Bacteria.
(ii) Mushrooms.
(iii) Rhizopus.
(iv) Mucor.
(v) Penicillium.
(vi) Aspergillus.

========================================

Ondo state

(1ai)
(I) Oxygen
(II) Carbon dioxide
(III) Digested food (nutrients)
(IV) Water
(V) Hormones

(1aii)
(I) Littoral zone
(II) Neritic zone
(III) Oceanic zone

(1aiii)
(I) Produces bile for digestion of fats.
(II) Stores glycogen and regulates blood sugar.
(III) Detoxifies harmful substances.
(IV) Deaminates excess amino acids and forms urea.

(1b)
(I) Amoeba detects food.
(II) It extends pseudopodia around the food.
(III) The pseudopodia surround and engulf the food, forming a food vacuole.
(IV) Digestive enzymes are released into the food vacuole.
(V) Digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm.
(Vi) Undigested food is expelled through the cell membrane.

===================================================

LAGOS BIOLOGY
QUESTION 1

(1a) Explain the effects of the following agricultural practices on the ecosystem.

(1ai) Bush burning
(i) Destroys vegetation cover.
(ii) Kills useful soil microorganisms and animals.
(iii) Reduces soil fertility by destroying humus.
(iv) Exposes the soil to erosion.
(v) Causes air pollution through smoke.
(vi) Leads to loss of wildlife and biodiversity.

(1aii) Overgrazing
(i) Removes vegetation cover.
(ii) Exposes the soil to erosion.
(iii) Causes soil compaction.
(iv) Reduces soil fertility.
(v) Encourages desertification.
(vi) Destroys natural habitats of organisms.

(1aiii) Fertilizer application
(i) Increases soil fertility.
(ii) Promotes rapid plant growth and high yield.
(iii) Excess application pollutes rivers and streams.
(iv) May cause eutrophication of water bodies.
(v) Can alter soil pH.
(vi) May destroy beneficial soil organisms when overused.

(1aiv) Mulching
(i) Conserves soil moisture.
(ii) Reduces weed growth.
(iii) Prevents soil erosion.
(iv) Adds organic matter to the soil after decomposition.
(v) Helps regulate soil temperature.
(vi) Improves soil fertility.

(1bi) Define balanced diet.

A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the essential nutrients in their correct proportions and adequate quantities to meet the body’s nutritional needs.

(1bii) Mention three adaptations of xerophytes to their habitat.
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves reduced to spines.
(iii) Sunken stomata.
(iv) Succulent stems or leaves for water storage.
(v) Extensive root system.
(vi) Hairy leaves.

(1c) State one function each of the following plant cell organelles.

(i) Cell wall

Provides support, protection and gives the cell its shape.

(ii) Mitochondrion

Site of aerobic respiration and energy (ATP) production.

(iii) Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

=============================================

QUESTION 2

(2ai) Name the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle.

(i) Ilium
(ii) Ischium
(iii) Pubis

**(2aii) In a tabular form, give three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.**

(2bi) Describe the process involved in the use of a quadrat for sampling of species in an ecological study.

(i) Select a quadrat of known dimensions.
(ii) Mark out the study area.
(iii) Throw or place the quadrat randomly or at regular intervals within the study area.
(iv) Identify and count all organisms found within the quadrat.
(v) Repeat the procedure at several points in the study area.
(vi) Calculate the average number of organisms per quadrat and use it to estimate the population density.

**(2bii) Give three symptoms of a child with protein deficiency.**
**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Swollen abdomen (pot belly).
(ii) Oedema (swelling of feet and face).
(iii) Stunted growth.
(iv) Muscle wasting.
(v) Discoloured or sparse hair.
(vi) Dry and flaky skin.

**(2ci) State one function of Calyx.**

The calyx protects the flower when it is in the bud stage.

**(2cii) State one function of Mammalian hair.**

Mammalian hair helps to reduce heat loss by providing insulation and also protects the body.

================================================

# *LAGOS BIOLOGY*

## QUESTION 3

**(3a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the reflex arc.**

(i) A stimulus is received by a receptor in a sense organ (e.g. the skin).
(ii) The receptor converts the stimulus into a nerve impulse.
(iii) The impulse is transmitted through the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
(iv) In the spinal cord, the impulse passes through a relay (association) neurone.
(v) The relay neurone transmits the impulse to the motor neurone.
(vi) The motor neurone carries the impulse to the effector (muscle or gland).
(vii) The effector responds by contracting or secreting.
(viii) The response is rapid, automatic and involuntary.

**Required labels for the diagram:**
(i) Stimulus
(ii) Receptor
(iii) Sensory neurone
(iv) Dorsal root ganglion
(v) Relay neurone
(vi) Spinal cord
(vii) Motor neurone
(viii) Ventral root
(ix) Effector (muscle/gland)
(x) Response

**(3bi) State two characteristics of an enzyme.**
**(PICK ANY TWO)**

**(3bii) Mention three differences between respiration and photosynthesis.**

**(3ci) Give two ways by which a housefly is adapted as a vector of cholera.**
**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It has hairy legs and body that carry disease-causing organisms.
(ii) It feeds on faeces and later contaminates exposed food.
(iii) It possesses sticky pads (pulvilli) that trap pathogens.
(iv) It regurgitates contaminated food while feeding.

**(3cii) List two importance of sunlight to plant life.**
**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It provides energy for photosynthesis.
(ii) It promotes chlorophyll formation.
(iii) It influences flowering and fruiting (photoperiodism).
(iv) It aids the germination of some seeds.

================================

# *LAGOS BIOLOGY*

## QUESTION 4

**(4ai) Explain the following processes.**

**(i) Aestivation**

Aestivation is a state of dormancy or inactivity during hot and dry conditions to reduce water loss and survive unfavourable environmental conditions.

**(ii) Deamination**

Deamination is the removal of the amino group (-NH₂) from excess amino acids in the liver, producing ammonia which is later converted to urea for excretion.

**(4bi) Describe the mechanism of feeding in Amoeba.**

(i) Amoeba detects food with its sensitive cell membrane.
(ii) It extends pseudopodia around the food particle.
(iii) The pseudopodia surround and engulf the food.
(iv) The food is enclosed in a food vacuole.
(v) Digestive enzymes are secreted into the food vacuole.
(vi) The digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm.
(vii) Undigested food materials are expelled through the cell membrane by egestion.

**(4bii) Mention three components of blood.**
**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Plasma.
(ii) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
(iii) White blood cells (leucocytes).
(iv) Platelets (thrombocytes).

**(4ci) Construct a food chain using these organisms: zooplankton, phytoplankton and tilapia fish.**

**Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Tilapia fish**

**(4cii) Enumerate two methods of water purification.**
**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) Boiling.
(ii) Filtration.
(iii) Chlorination.
(iv) Sedimentation.
(v) Distillation.

=====================================

QUESTION 5
(5ai) Explain the following terms.

(i) Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (or dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (or concentrated solution) through a selectively permeable membrane.

(ii) Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of particles or molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed.

(5bi) State four differences between arteries and veins.

(5bii) Mention four importance of transpiration in plants.
(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) It provides transpiration pull for the upward movement of water.
(ii) It aids the transport of mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant.
(iii) It helps to cool the plant by evaporation.
(iv) It maintains cell turgidity.
(v) It removes excess water from the plant.
(vi) It supplies water needed for photosynthesis.

(5ci) State three characteristics of mammals.
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) They possess mammary glands for feeding their young.
(ii) Their bodies are covered with hair or fur.
(iii) They are warm-blooded (homeothermic).
(iv) They breathe with lungs.
(v) They possess external ears (pinnae).
(vi) They give birth to young ones (except monotremes).

(5cii) Give three examples of mammals.
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Man.
(ii) Goat.
(iii) Dog.
(iv) Cow.
(v) Rabbit.
(vi) Bat.
======================================

*ENUGU STATE*
*EDO STATE*
*DELTA STATE*
*PLATEAU STATE*

*NECO BIOLOGY*

(4ai)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enzymes are proteins.
(ii) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(iii) Enzymes are specific in their action.
(iv) Enzymes are not used up during chemical reactions.
(v) Enzymes are effective in small quantities.
(vi) Enzymes are affected by temperature.
(vii) Enzymes are affected by pH.
(viii) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

(4aii)
-Pupil:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

The pupil allows light to pass into the eye.

-Conjunctiva:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The conjunctiva protects the front of the eye from dust and microorganisms.

The conjunctiva secretes mucus which keeps the eye moist and lubricated.

-Cornea:
(PICK ANY ONE)
The cornea refracts light entering the eye to help focus images on the retina.

The cornea protects the front part of the eye from injury and dust.

(4bi)

(4bii)
(i) Shoulder joint.
(ii) Hip joint.

(4c)

=====================================

ABIA BIOLOGY

QUESTION 1

**(1a)** Explain the effects of the following agricultural practices on the ecosystem.

**(1ai) Bush burning**

(i) Destroys vegetation cover.
(ii) Kills useful soil microorganisms and small animals.
(iii) Reduces soil fertility by destroying humus.
(iv) Exposes the soil to erosion.
(v) Causes air pollution through smoke.
(vi) Leads to loss of wildlife and biodiversity.

**(1aii) Overgrazing**

(i) Removes vegetation cover.
(ii) Exposes the soil to wind and water erosion.
(iii) Causes soil compaction.
(iv) Reduces soil fertility.
(v) Encourages desertification.
(vi) Destroys the habitats of many organisms.

**(1aiii) Fertilizer application**

(i) Improves soil fertility.
(ii) Increases crop yield.
(iii) Promotes rapid plant growth.
(iv) Excess fertilizer may pollute rivers and streams.
(v) May cause eutrophication of water bodies.
(vi) Excessive use may alter soil pH and destroy beneficial soil organisms.

**(1aiv) Mulching**

(i) Conserves soil moisture.
(ii) Suppresses weed growth.
(iii) Prevents soil erosion.
(iv) Adds humus to the soil after decomposition.
(v) Regulates soil temperature.
(vi) Improves soil fertility.

**(1bi)** Define balanced diet.

A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions and adequate quantities required for normal growth, energy production, repair of worn-out tissues and maintenance of good health.

**(1bii)** Mention three adaptations of xerophytes to their habitat.

**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Thick waxy cuticle.
(ii) Leaves reduced to spines or scales.
(iii) Sunken stomata.
(iv) Succulent stems or leaves for water storage.
(v) Extensive root system.
(vi) Hairy leaves.

**(1c)** State one function each of the following plant cell organelles.

**(i) Cell wall**
Provides support, protection and gives the plant cell a definite shape.

**(ii) Mitochondrion**
Site of aerobic respiration and energy (ATP) production.

**(iii) Chloroplast**
Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

================

## QUESTION 2

**(2ai)** Name the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle.

(i) Ilium.
(ii) Ischium.
(iii) Pubis.

**(2aii)** In a tabular form, give three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

**(2bi)** Describe the process involved in the use of a quadrat for sampling of species in an ecological study.

(i) Select a quadrat of known dimensions.
(ii) Mark out the study area to be sampled.
(iii) Throw or place the quadrat randomly or at regular intervals within the study area.
(iv) Identify and count all organisms found within the quadrat.
(v) Repeat the procedure at several different points in the study area.
(vi) Calculate the average number of organisms per quadrat and use it to estimate the population density.

**(2bii)** Give three symptoms of a child with protein deficiency.

**(PICK ANY THREE)**

(i) Swollen abdomen (pot belly).
(ii) Oedema (swelling of feet and face).
(iii) Stunted growth.
(iv) Muscle wasting.
(v) Discoloured or sparse hair.
(vi) Dry and flaky skin.

**(2ci)** State one function of Calyx.

The calyx protects the flower when it is in the bud stage.

**(2cii)** State one function of Mammalian hair.

Mammalian hair helps to reduce heat loss by providing insulation and protects the body.

=================================

## QUESTION 3

**(3a)** With the aid of a diagram, describe the reflex arc.

**Required labels for the diagram:**

(i) Stimulus.
(ii) Receptor.
(iii) Sensory neurone.
(iv) Dorsal root ganglion.
(v) Relay neurone.
(vi) Spinal cord.
(vii) Motor neurone.
(viii) Ventral root.
(ix) Effector (muscle or gland).
(x) Response.

**(3bi)** State two characteristics of an enzyme.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) Enzymes are protein in nature.
(ii) They are biological catalysts.
(iii) They are specific in their action.
(iv) They are not used up during chemical reactions.
(v) They are effective in small quantities.
(vi) Their activities are affected by temperature and pH.

**(3bii)** Mention three differences between respiration and photosynthesis.

**(3ci)** Give two ways by which a housefly is adapted as a vector of cholera.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It has hairy legs and body which carry disease-causing organisms.
(ii) It feeds on faeces and later contaminates exposed food.
(iii) It possesses sticky pads (pulvilli) that trap pathogens.
(iv) It regurgitates contaminated food while feeding.

**(3cii)** List two importance of sunlight to plant life.

**(PICK ANY TWO)**

(i) It provides energy for photosynthesis.
(ii) It promotes chlorophyll formation.
(iii) It influences flowering and fruiting.
(iv) It aids the germination of some seeds.
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ABIA BIOLOGY

QUESTION 4

(4ai) Explain the following processes.

(i) Aestivation

Aestivation is a state of dormancy or inactivity exhibited by some organisms during hot and dry seasons to conserve water and survive unfavourable environmental conditions.

(ii) Deamination

Deamination is the removal of the amino group (-NH₂) from excess amino acids in the liver, producing ammonia which is converted to urea for excretion.

(4bi) Describe the mechanism of feeding in Amoeba.

(i) Amoeba detects food with its sensitive cell membrane.
(ii) It extends pseudopodia towards the food particle.
(iii) The pseudopodia surround and engulf the food.
(iv) The food is enclosed in a food vacuole.
(v) Digestive enzymes are secreted into the food vacuole.
(vi) Digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm.
(vii) Undigested food materials are expelled through the cell membrane by egestion.

(4bii) Mention three components of blood.

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Plasma.
(ii) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
(iii) White blood cells (leucocytes).
(iv) Platelets (thrombocytes).

(4ci) Construct a food chain using the following organisms: phytoplankton, zooplankton and tilapia fish.

Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Tilapia fish

(4cii) Enumerate two methods of water purification.

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Boiling.
(ii) Filtration.
(iii) Chlorination.
(iv) Sedimentation.
(v) Distillation.

=====================================

ABIA BIOLOGY

QUESTION 5

(5ai) Explain the following terms.

(i) Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (or dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (or concentrated solution) through a selectively permeable membrane.

(ii) Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules or particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed.

(5bi) State four differences between arteries and veins.

(5bii) Mention four importance of transpiration in plants.

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) It provides transpiration pull for the upward movement of water.
(ii) It aids the transport of mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant.
(iii) It cools the plant through evaporation.
(iv) It helps to maintain cell turgidity.
(v) It removes excess water from the plant.
(vi) It supplies water needed for photosynthesis.

(5ci) State three characteristics of mammals.

(PICK ANY THREE)

(5cii) Give three examples of mammals.

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Man.
(ii) Goat.
(iii) Dog

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