Literature in English 2 (Drama And Poetry) Answers

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Tuesday, 14th July 2026

Literature in English 2 (Drama & Poetry) 2:00pm – 3:40pm

*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 1 (VERSION I)*_

(1)
O̲n̲c̲e̲ ̲U̲p̲o̲n̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲E̲l̲e̲p̲h̲a̲n̲t̲

Once Upon an Elephant by Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan explores themes of leadership, justice, betrayal, greed, corruption and the struggle for truth in society. The playwright uses the conflict among the animals to expose the abuse of power and the consequences of selfish leadership. Within this framework, Serubawon emerges as one of the most significant characters because his actions greatly influence the progress and resolution of the play.

Serubawon is presented as a courageous and determined character who is not afraid to stand against injustice. Unlike many other animals who remain silent in the face of oppression, he boldly speaks against wrongdoing and refuses to support dishonest practices. His bravery makes him an important force in the struggle for truth and fairness. Through his fearless attitude, the playwright emphasizes that meaningful change can only come when individuals are willing to challenge injustice despite the risks involved.

Furthermore, Serubawon contributes to the development of the play through his wisdom and sound judgment. He carefully examines situations before making decisions and often advises others to follow the path of honesty rather than deceit. His thoughtful contributions help to expose lies and reveal hidden truths that would otherwise have remained unknown. By presenting him as a voice of reason, the playwright demonstrates the importance of wisdom and critical thinking in resolving conflicts within society.

Another remarkable aspect of Serubawon’s character is his loyalty to the common good rather than to selfish interests. While some characters seek personal gain, Serubawon consistently places the welfare of the entire community above his own desires. His commitment to justice encourages other honest characters to remain steadfast even when faced with intimidation. This selfless attitude strengthens the moral message of the play by showing that true leadership is measured by service to others rather than by the pursuit of personal benefits.

In addition, Serubawon serves as a major agent in exposing corruption and hypocrisy among the animals. He questions suspicious actions, challenges false accusations and refuses to be deceived by those who manipulate power for selfish purposes. His determination to uncover the truth creates dramatic tension and moves the plot towards its climax. Without his persistence, many acts of dishonesty would have remained hidden, allowing injustice to continue unchecked. His role therefore helps the audience appreciate the value of accountability and transparency in leadership.

More importantly, Serubawon’s resilience contributes significantly to the resolution of the play. Although he faces opposition, pressure and attempts to silence him, he remains firm in his convictions. He does not abandon the fight for justice simply because circumstances become difficult. His perseverance inspires others to support the cause of truth and eventually contributes to restoring order within the animal kingdom. Through this quality, the playwright teaches that determination and integrity can overcome oppression and falsehood.

Equally important is Serubawon’s role as a moral example to both the characters and the audience. His honesty, courage, loyalty and unwavering commitment to justice distinguish him from many other characters whose actions are driven by greed and ambition. By contrasting Serubawon’s noble qualities with the misconduct of corrupt leaders, the playwright reinforces the lesson that good character remains essential for the growth and stability of any society. His conduct encourages readers to embrace integrity and reject every form of corruption.

In conclusion, Serubawon is one of the central figures whose actions shape the events in Once Upon an Elephant. As a courageous defender of justice, a wise counsellor, a loyal servant of the community, an exposer of corruption, a resilient fighter for truth and a moral role model, he contributes immensely to the development and successful resolution of the play. Through his character, Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan effectively communicates that honesty, courage and selfless leadership are indispensable qualities for building a peaceful and just society.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 2 (VERSION I)*_

(2)
O̲n̲c̲e̲ ̲U̲p̲o̲n̲ ̲a̲n̲ ̲E̲l̲e̲p̲h̲a̲n̲t̲

The general theme of Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan’s Once Upon an Elephant is the abuse of power, corruption, greed and the struggle for justice in society. Through the actions of both the rulers and the oppressed, the playwright exposes the consequences of selfish leadership and the triumph of truth over deceit. One of the literary devices effectively used to communicate these ideas is irony. Irony is a literary device in which there is a contrast between expectation and reality, making events turn out differently from what the audience or characters anticipate.

To begin with, the title of the play itself is ironic. An elephant is generally associated with greatness, strength and dignity, suggesting that it deserves admiration and protection. Ironically, the elephant becomes the object of greed, manipulation and conflict among those who should preserve it. Instead of symbolizing honour, it exposes the selfish ambitions of individuals who exploit valuable resources for personal gain. This ironic contrast introduces the central conflict of the play and prepares the audience for the unfolding events.

Furthermore, Serubawon’s position in society creates another striking irony. As a respected and trusted figure, he is expected to promote justice, honesty and peace. Contrary to these expectations, he becomes deeply involved in deception, manipulation and selfish schemes that threaten the well-being of the community. His abuse of authority disappoints those who trust him and demonstrates how people in positions of influence can betray public confidence. Through this ironic portrayal, the playwright condemns corrupt leadership and moral failure.

Another instance of irony appears in the behaviour of those who claim to work for the welfare of the people. They present themselves as protectors of the community and defenders of justice, yet their actions are motivated by greed and personal interest. Rather than serving the people faithfully, they exploit public resources for private benefit. Their words sharply contrast with their actions, creating situational irony that strengthens the play’s criticism of hypocrisy among leaders and influential members of society.

Equally important is the irony surrounding the downfall of the deceitful characters. They believe that their cleverness, power and manipulation will guarantee permanent success. Instead, the very schemes they carefully plan eventually expose them and lead to their disgrace. What they expect to bring them victory becomes the cause of their failure. This reversal of fortune reinforces the moral lesson that dishonesty and corruption cannot endure forever because justice eventually catches up with wrongdoers.

Finally, the treatment of the innocent characters also reveals dramatic irony. At certain points, the audience is aware of hidden motives and secret plans that some innocent characters do not know. As these unsuspecting individuals continue to trust those plotting against them, the audience anticipates the danger before the victims realize it. This dramatic irony creates suspense and emotional involvement while emphasizing the destructive consequences of betrayal and deceit within the community.

In conclusion, irony is one of the most important literary devices employed in Once Upon an Elephant. It is reflected in the symbolic meaning of the elephant, the unexpected behaviour of respected leaders, the hypocrisy of those in authority, the eventual downfall of corrupt individuals and the audience’s awareness of hidden truths. These ironic situations not only make the play engaging but also reinforce its major themes of corruption, abuse of power, greed and justice. Bosede Ademilua-Afolayan successfully uses irony to entertain the audience while passing a strong moral message that integrity ultimately triumphs over selfishness and deception.
==============================

*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 3 (VERSION I)*_

(3)
T̲h̲e̲ ̲M̲a̲r̲r̲i̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲A̲n̲a̲n̲s̲e̲w̲a̲

The central theme of Efua T. Sutherland’s The Marriage of Anansewa is the dangers of excessive love for wealth and the importance of moderation, honesty and family values. Throughout the play, the playwright shows how the desire for material possessions influences people’s decisions and relationships. The pursuit of wealth is presented as a major force that drives the actions of several characters, especially Ananse. Through this, Sutherland criticises greed and reminds the audience that true happiness cannot be built on material riches alone.

To begin with, Ananse’s desire for wealth is clearly seen in his decision to send his daughter’s photograph to four wealthy chiefs at the same time. Instead of allowing Anansewa to marry out of love or personal choice, he sees her as an opportunity to improve his financial condition. His main interest is not his daughter’s happiness but the expensive gifts and marriage benefits he hopes to receive. This shows how the pursuit of material possessions can make people place wealth above family values and moral principles.

Another indication of the importance of material possessions is the competition among the chiefs. Each chief sends valuable gifts, drinks and other expensive items to Ananse in order to win Anansewa’s hand in marriage. Their actions suggest that wealth can be used to influence important decisions. Rather than allowing love or compatibility to determine marriage, the chiefs depend on their riches to secure a wife. Through this, the playwright exposes a society where material wealth is given too much importance.

Furthermore, Ananse becomes more confused and desperate because of his greed. After collecting gifts from all the chiefs, he realizes that he cannot fulfil all the marriage promises he has made. His excessive desire for material gain places him in a difficult situation and forces him to think of different tricks to escape disgrace. Instead of enjoying the wealth he has gathered, his greed creates anxiety and confusion. This shows that the uncontrolled pursuit of riches often leads to unexpected problems.

Another important point is that Ananse’s fake death plan is motivated by his desire to protect the gifts and avoid returning them. He pretends that Anansewa has died so that he can identify the chief who truly deserves her according to custom. Although the plan eventually works in his favour, it reveals how far he is willing to go because of material interest. His actions show that greed can encourage dishonesty and manipulation, even within the family.

The playwright also contrasts material wealth with genuine love and commitment. While many chiefs express their interest through expensive presents, Chief-Who-Is-Chief demonstrates sincerity by observing the traditional custom of mourning Anansewa instead of demanding the return of his gifts. His actions prove that true commitment is more valuable than material possessions. This contrast teaches that character and respect are greater qualities than wealth alone.

In conclusion, the pursuit of material possessions is a major focus of The Marriage of Anansewa. It is reflected in Ananse’s exploitation of his daughter for financial gain, the competition among the wealthy chiefs, the confusion created by greed, the fake death scheme and the contrast between riches and genuine commitment. Through these events, Efua T. Sutherland warns against excessive love for wealth and emphasizes that honesty, wisdom and good character are more valuable than material possessions. The play therefore teaches that people should not allow the desire for riches to control their actions or destroy important human relationships.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 4 (VERSION I)*_

(4)
T̲h̲e̲ ̲M̲a̲r̲r̲i̲a̲g̲e̲ ̲o̲f̲ ̲A̲n̲a̲n̲s̲e̲w̲a̲

The Marriage of Anansewa by Efua T. Sutherland is a play that explores themes of greed, materialism, deception, love and the importance of wisdom in human relationships. Through the story of Ananse and his daughter, the playwright criticizes excessive desire for wealth while showing that true happiness comes from sincerity and good judgment. Ananse is one of the most important characters in the play because his attitudes and actions change as the story progresses, making him a dynamic character.

At the beginning of the play, Ananse is presented as a cunning, greedy and manipulative man whose main interest is acquiring wealth. Instead of allowing Anansewa to choose her husband freely, he turns her marriage into a business venture by sending letters to four wealthy chiefs and encouraging each of them to believe that they have a chance of marrying her. He gladly accepts expensive gifts from all the chiefs without making any definite promise. His behaviour reveals his obsession with material gain and his willingness to deceive others for personal benefit. This establishes him as a selfish and calculating character at the start of the play.

As the events unfold, Ananse demonstrates intelligence and resourcefulness when his deception begins to create problems. Realising that he cannot satisfy all the chiefs at the same time, he invents the plan of pretending that Anansewa has died. The fake funeral is a clever strategy that helps him avoid immediate confrontation and gives him time to observe the reactions of the chiefs. Although his actions are dishonest, they reveal his ability to think quickly and adapt to difficult situations. This aspect of his character contributes to the suspense and humour in the play.

Meanwhile, the reactions of the chiefs during the funeral ceremony begin to influence Ananse’s thinking. While some of the chiefs quietly withdraw, Chief-Who-Is-Chief expresses genuine concern and sends valuable funeral gifts to honour Anansewa. Through these actions, Ananse comes to realise that true commitment is shown through loyalty, patience and compassion rather than mere promises or wealth. This experience marks the beginning of a change in his attitude and demonstrates that he is capable of learning from events around him.

Eventually, Ananse becomes more responsible in handling his daughter’s future. Instead of continuing to exploit the chiefs for personal gain, he accepts that Chief-Who-Is-Chief has proved himself worthy of marrying Anansewa. He abandons his earlier selfish intentions and allows the marriage to proceed honourably. His decision reflects maturity and shows that he has developed a better understanding of the importance of honesty and genuine relationships. This transformation from a greedy trickster to a more thoughtful father confirms that he is a dynamic character.

In conclusion, Ananse changes significantly from the beginning to the end of The Marriage of Anansewa. He begins as a greedy and manipulative father who values wealth above everything else but gradually becomes wiser, more responsible and more appreciative of sincerity and true commitment. His intelligence, adaptability, changing attitude and final decision all contribute to the development of the plot and reinforce the major themes of the play.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 5 (VERSION I)*_

(5)
A̲n̲ ̲I̲n̲s̲p̲e̲c̲t̲o̲r̲ ̲C̲a̲l̲l̲s̲

An Inspector Calls by J. B. Priestley is a social and moral play that explores themes of responsibility, guilt, social inequality, justice and the consequences of selfishness. Through the investigation carried out by Inspector Goole, the playwright shows that every individual’s actions affect the lives of others. Eric Birling is one of the major characters in the play because his behaviour contributes greatly to Eva Smith’s tragedy, while his eventual acceptance of responsibility helps to reinforce the central message of the play.

At the beginning of the play, Eric is introduced as the younger son of the Birling family. He is a troubled, immature and emotionally unstable young man who finds it difficult to relate openly with members of his family. Although he comes from a wealthy background, he is unhappy and lacks self-confidence. His awkward behaviour during the family dinner creates the impression that he is hiding something. This early presentation prepares the audience for the shocking revelations that follow and establishes him as an important character in the unfolding of the plot.

As the Inspector’s investigation progresses, Eric’s role in Eva Smith’s downfall is revealed. While under the influence of alcohol, he forces his way into Eva’s room and begins a relationship with her. When Eva later becomes pregnant, Eric steals money from his father’s business to support her. However, Eva refuses to accept the stolen money because of her honesty and self-respect. Eric’s irresponsible actions contribute directly to Eva’s suffering and eventual death. Through this episode, Priestley condemns the abuse of privilege and the failure to act responsibly towards others.

Furthermore, Eric stands out as one of the few members of the Birling family who genuinely accepts responsibility for his mistakes. Unlike Mr. and Mrs. Birling, who try to justify their actions or shift the blame, Eric openly admits his guilt and expresses deep regret over the suffering he has caused. He recognises that his behaviour has had serious consequences and believes that the family should learn from the Inspector’s visit. His sincere remorse distinguishes him from his parents and highlights his moral growth as the play progresses.

More importantly, Eric serves as a mouthpiece for Priestley’s message about social responsibility. Together with his sister Sheila, he criticises his parents for their refusal to accept blame after learning that the Inspector may not have been a real police officer. While Mr. and Mrs. Birling become more concerned about avoiding public scandal than about Eva’s death, Eric insists that the family’s actions remain wrong regardless of the Inspector’s identity. His attitude reflects Priestley’s belief that people must accept responsibility for one another if society is to become fairer and more humane.

Finally, Eric contributes significantly to the development and resolution of the play. His confession completes the chain of events linking every member of the Birling family to Eva Smith’s tragedy. His character also provides an important contrast between the older and younger generations. Whereas the older generation refuses to change, Eric demonstrates that people can learn from their mistakes and become better individuals. Through his transformation from a careless and irresponsible young man to someone who accepts guilt and seeks moral improvement, Priestley offers hope that society can progress when individuals acknowledge their responsibilities.

In conclusion, Eric Birling is a central character whose actions and development are essential to the success of An Inspector Calls. His irresponsible behaviour contributes to Eva Smith’s suffering, while his honesty, remorse, acceptance of responsibility and moral growth reinforce the major themes of the play. By presenting Eric as a flawed but redeemable character, J. B. Priestley emphasizes that genuine change begins when people recognise their mistakes, accept accountability and show concern for the welfare of others.

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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 6 (VERSION I)*_

(6)
A̲n̲ ̲I̲n̲s̲p̲e̲c̲t̲o̲r̲ ̲C̲a̲l̲l̲s̲

The general theme of J. B. Priestley’s An Inspector Calls is social responsibility, justice and the consequences of selfishness. Priestley argues that every individual has a duty to care for others because human beings are connected. To communicate this message effectively, the playwright makes extensive use of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience knows more than the characters on stage, or where the audience later discovers that a character’s words or actions have a meaning different from what was originally intended. This device creates suspense and strengthens the themes of the play.

At the beginning of the play, Arthur Birling confidently tells his family that there will never be another world war and that the Titanic is “absolutely unsinkable.” Since the audience knows that the Titanic later sank and that two world wars eventually occurred, Birling’s statements become dramatically ironic. Although he speaks with great confidence, everything he predicts turns out to be false. Priestley uses this irony to make Birling appear foolish and to show that people who are too proud of their opinions are not always wise.

Another important example of dramatic irony is seen in Birling’s belief that everyone should only care for themselves and their own business. He dismisses the idea that people have responsibilities towards one another. Ironically, the Inspector later proves that every member of the Birling family contributed to Eva Smith’s suffering. What Birling rejects at the beginning of the play becomes the central lesson of the Inspector’s investigation. Through this irony, Priestley emphasizes the importance of collective responsibility.

Equally significant is Mrs. Birling’s attitude during the Inspector’s questioning. She strongly condemns the father of Eva Smith’s unborn child and insists that the man should be punished severely. She confidently declares that he must accept full responsibility for his actions. The audience later discovers that the man she is condemning is actually her own son, Eric. This dramatic irony shocks both Mrs. Birling and the audience, exposing her hypocrisy and showing how easily people judge others without knowing the full truth.

The relationship between Sheila and Gerald also provides another example of dramatic irony. At the beginning of the play, they appear to be a happy couple celebrating their engagement. The audience might expect their relationship to remain joyful throughout the evening. However, the Inspector’s investigation reveals that Gerald had an affair with Eva Smith while engaged to Sheila. The happy celebration quickly turns into disappointment and heartbreak. Priestley uses this ironic twist to expose hidden secrets behind respectable appearances.

The ending of the play presents one of the strongest examples of dramatic irony. After learning that there may not have been a real police inspector and that no girl has officially died, the Birling family believes they have escaped punishment. Birling and Gerald become relieved and even begin to laugh at the situation. Ironically, just as they feel safe, the telephone rings with news that a real police inspector is on his way to investigate the death of a young woman. This unexpected ending completely changes the situation and reminds the audience that no one can escape the consequences of wrongdoing.

In conclusion, dramatic irony plays a major role in An Inspector Calls. It is seen in Birling’s false predictions about the future, his rejection of social responsibility, Mrs. Birling’s condemnation of her own son, the hidden truth about Gerald’s relationship with Eva Smith and the surprising telephone call at the end of the play. Through these ironic situations, J. B. Priestley makes the play more interesting and effectively communicates his message that selfishness, pride and lack of responsibility eventually lead to serious consequences. The use of dramatic irony also encourages the audience to reflect on their own responsibilities towards other members of society.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 7 (VERSION I)*_

(7)
A̲ ̲M̲a̲n̲ ̲f̲o̲r̲ ̲A̲l̲l̲ ̲S̲e̲a̲s̲o̲n̲s̲

The general theme of Robert Bolt’s A Man for All Seasons is integrity, justice, loyalty and the supremacy of conscience over political pressure. The play presents the conflict between personal conviction and the desire for power, showing that true honour lies in remaining faithful to one’s beliefs. Alice More plays an important role in developing these themes. She is the devoted wife of Sir Thomas More who loves her husband deeply and constantly worries about his safety. Although she disagrees with some of his decisions, she remains loyal to him throughout the play.

At the beginning of the play, Alice More is presented as a caring and affectionate wife. She is deeply concerned about the welfare of her family and desires a peaceful life. Unlike her husband, who is willing to sacrifice everything for his principles, Alice believes that the safety of the family should come first. She repeatedly advises More to avoid actions that may put his life and position in danger. Her concern shows her love and devotion as a responsible wife and mother.

Furthermore, Alice serves as the voice of practicality in the play. She does not fully understand why More refuses to support King Henry VIII’s wishes when doing so would protect his family from hardship. She believes that compromise would save him from imprisonment and possible execution. Through her conversations with More, the audience sees the emotional conflict between moral conviction and family responsibility. Her practical attitude helps to highlight More’s unwavering commitment to his conscience.

Another important aspect of Alice’s character is her loyalty to her husband. Even when More loses his position as Lord Chancellor, is imprisoned and faces trial, Alice refuses to abandon him. She remains by his side despite the suffering and uncertainty the family experiences. Her continued support demonstrates the strength of her love and commitment. Although she disagrees with his decisions, she never stops caring for him or hoping for his release.

In addition, Alice contributes to the emotional development of the play. Her conversations with More reveal the pain and sacrifices that his choices bring upon the family. She expresses fear, frustration and sadness as she watches her husband lose his wealth, influence and freedom. These emotional moments make the audience sympathize with the More family and understand that standing for justice often requires personal sacrifice. Alice’s reactions therefore make the tragic events of the play more touching and realistic.

Alice also helps to reveal Sir Thomas More’s admirable qualities. Through her attempts to persuade him, the audience learns about More’s honesty, courage and determination. Even when she pleads with him to change his position, More refuses because he values his conscience above worldly success. Alice’s questions and arguments give More the opportunity to explain his beliefs clearly. As a result, her character helps the audience appreciate the strength of More’s moral principles.

In conclusion, Alice More is an important character in A Man for All Seasons. She is loving, caring, practical and loyal despite the difficulties she faces. She contributes to the development of the play by providing emotional depth, highlighting the conflict between family welfare and personal conscience, supporting her husband during his trials and helping to reveal his noble character. Through Alice More, Robert Bolt reminds the audience that those who stand for truth often depend on the love and support of their families, even when such sacrifices bring pain and hardship.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 8 (VERSION I)*_

(8)
A̲ ̲M̲a̲n̲ ̲f̲o̲r̲ ̲A̲l̲l̲ ̲S̲e̲a̲s̲o̲n̲s̲

A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt is a historical drama that explores themes of moral integrity, justice, loyalty, power and the conflict between conscience and authority. The play is based on the life of Sir Thomas More, who refuses to compromise his principles despite pressure from King Henry VIII. Throughout the play, Bolt emphasizes that true honour lies in remaining faithful to one’s conscience even in the face of suffering and death. The theme of moral uprightness is therefore central to the play and is demonstrated through the words and actions of several characters, especially Sir Thomas More.

Moral uprightness is chiefly portrayed through the character of Sir Thomas More. More is a man of unwavering integrity who refuses to approve King Henry VIII’s divorce from Queen Catherine and his decision to marry Anne Boleyn. Although he understands that opposing the King may cost him his position, freedom and even his life, he remains loyal to his religious beliefs and personal conscience. He chooses silence instead of false agreement because he believes that a person’s conscience should never be sacrificed for worldly gain. His steadfastness makes him the perfect example of moral uprightness in the play.

Furthermore, More’s refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy strengthens the theme of moral integrity. The oath requires him to recognise King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, a declaration that contradicts his Catholic faith. While many respected officials willingly take the oath to secure their positions and protect themselves, More refuses because he believes it is morally wrong. He willingly accepts imprisonment in the Tower of London rather than betray his conscience. Through this action, Robert Bolt teaches that genuine integrity often demands sacrifice and courage.

In addition, the contrast between Sir Thomas More and characters such as Richard Rich highlights the importance of moral uprightness. Rich abandons honesty in pursuit of wealth, power and political advancement. He accepts false testimony against More in exchange for promotion to the office of Attorney-General for Wales. His betrayal directly contributes to More’s conviction and death. Unlike More, who values honour above personal gain, Rich sacrifices his integrity for worldly success. This contrast reinforces the playwright’s message that ambition without moral principles ultimately leads to disgrace and injustice.

Equally important, the conduct of the King and Thomas Cromwell further develops the theme of moral uprightness by presenting its opposite. King Henry VIII allows his personal desires to influence matters of religion and state, while Cromwell manipulates the law to satisfy the King’s wishes. Instead of pursuing justice, they misuse power to intimidate and silence those who refuse to support them. Their abuse of authority exposes the dangers of placing political ambition above truth and righteousness. By contrasting these characters with Sir Thomas More, Bolt demonstrates that moral integrity is more valuable than power, wealth or public office.

In conclusion, moral uprightness is the foundation upon which A Man for All Seasons is built. Through Sir Thomas More’s unwavering commitment to his conscience, his refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy, his willingness to suffer for his beliefs and the contrast between his character and those of Richard Rich, King Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell, Robert Bolt effectively shows that integrity is priceless. Although More loses his position and ultimately his life, he preserves his honour and remains true to his convictions.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 9 (VERSION I)*_

(9)
O̲n̲c̲e̲ ̲U̲p̲o̲n̲ ̲a̲ ̲T̲i̲m̲e̲

The central theme of Gabriel Okara’s Once Upon a Time is hypocrisy and the loss of genuine human values in modern society. The poet compares the sincerity of the past with the artificial lifestyle of the present, where people hide their true feelings behind fake smiles and pretended kindness. Through the speaker’s painful reflections, Okara shows that hypocrisy has become a common feature of human relationships. The poem therefore condemns insincerity and expresses a strong desire to return to the honesty and simplicity of earlier times.

To begin with, the poet presents hypocrisy through the way people smile. According to the speaker, people no longer smile from their hearts but only with their faces. Their smiles are not expressions of genuine happiness but are meant to deceive others. They pretend to be friendly while their true feelings remain hidden. This contrast between outward appearance and inward emotion clearly shows how hypocrisy has become part of everyday life.

Another example of hypocrisy is seen in the way people receive visitors. In the past, visitors were warmly welcomed and treated with sincerity. However, the speaker explains that modern people now welcome others only when they expect to gain something from them. Once they realize that there is no personal benefit, they quickly lose interest. This selfish attitude reveals that many relationships are no longer built on love and kindness but on personal advantage. Okara uses this situation to criticize the materialistic nature of society.

The poem also explores hypocrisy through the speaker’s personal experience. He admits that he has gradually learned the same dishonest behaviour as everyone else. He smiles without feeling happy, shakes hands without genuine affection and speaks politely even when he does not truly mean his words. His confession shows that hypocrisy has become so widespread that even innocent people are influenced by it. This makes the poem more convincing because the speaker does not only blame society but also acknowledges his own involvement.

Furthermore, the repeated use of artificial actions emphasizes the spread of hypocrisy. The speaker describes different kinds of smiles and handshakes that lack sincerity. He explains that people wear different faces depending on the situation, changing their behaviour to please others or gain favour. This suggests that many individuals have lost their real identity and now depend on pretence to survive in society. The poet presents this as a sad development that has destroyed genuine human relationships.

The speaker’s desire to become like a child again further highlights the extent of hypocrisy in society. He remembers a time when smiles, laughter and friendship were natural and sincere. He longs to relearn the innocence and honesty he once possessed before he was influenced by the false values of adulthood. This wish demonstrates that genuine human qualities still exist but have been buried beneath hypocrisy and social expectations. It also gives the poem a hopeful ending by suggesting that change is possible.

In conclusion, Gabriel Okara’s Once Upon a Time effectively explores how hypocrisy has pervaded humanity. This is evident in the false smiles people wear, the selfish way they treat visitors, the speaker’s admission that he has become hypocritical, the artificial behaviour adopted by members of society and the speaker’s longing to recover his childhood innocence. Through these experiences, Okara criticizes the loss of honesty, love and sincerity in modern society. The poem teaches that true happiness and meaningful relationships can only be achieved when people abandon hypocrisy and return to genuine human values.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 10 (VERSION I)*_

(10)
N̲o̲t̲ ̲M̲y̲ ̲B̲u̲s̲i̲n̲e̲s̲s̲

Not My Business by Niyi Osundare is a poem that explores the themes of oppression, injustice, dictatorship and social responsibility. The poet condemns the abuse of power by oppressive governments and criticizes the indifference of citizens who refuse to defend victims of injustice. Through satire, Osundare ridicules selfishness, fear and silence, showing that anyone who ignores the suffering of others may eventually become a victim. The poem therefore uses mockery to expose societal weaknesses and encourage collective resistance against oppression.

At the beginning of the poem, Osundare satirizes the attitude of people who believe that the problems of others do not concern them. Whenever Akanni, Danladi and Chinwe are arrested by soldiers, the speaker repeatedly says, “What business of mine is it?” This repeated excuse reflects selfishness and a lack of compassion. Rather than presenting the speaker as wise, the poet makes his attitude appear foolish and irresponsible. The satire lies in exposing the absurdity of people who watch injustice happen but refuse to speak out simply because they are not directly affected.

Furthermore, the poet mocks oppressive governments that abuse their authority. Soldiers invade homes, beat innocent citizens and arrest them without any fair hearing. Akanni is taken away merely for asking questions, Danladi is arrested for expressing himself, while Chinwe is dragged from her home despite having committed no offence. These actions reveal a government that relies on fear and violence instead of justice and the rule of law. By presenting these acts in a critical and ironic manner, Osundare satirizes dictators who misuse power and deny citizens their fundamental human rights.

Equally important, irony is one of the major literary devices that makes the poem a successful satire. Throughout the poem, the speaker believes that remaining silent will keep him safe from trouble. He refuses to defend those who are oppressed because he thinks their problems are unrelated to him. Ironically, the same soldiers eventually come for him. At that moment, he realizes that his silence has achieved nothing. This unexpected reversal mocks the false belief that avoiding public issues guarantees personal security. The irony strengthens the poem’s warning that injustice spreads when good people remain silent.

Another remarkable feature of the satire is the use of symbolism and characterization. The characters Akanni, Danladi and Chinwe represent ordinary citizens from different ethnic groups, suggesting that oppression affects everyone regardless of tribe, religion or social status. The soldiers symbolize state violence, intimidation and dictatorship, while the speaker represents passive citizens who fail to oppose injustice. Through these symbolic characters, Osundare criticizes both the oppressors and those whose silence allows oppression to flourish. Their roles help readers understand that injustice is a collective problem requiring collective action.

Finally, the poem ends with a powerful lesson that reinforces its satirical message. After ignoring the suffering of others, the speaker becomes the next victim when soldiers arrive at his own doorstep. By then, there is no one left to defend him because he had refused to defend others. This ending ridicules the consequences of selfishness and social apathy. Osundare therefore reminds readers that silence in the face of oppression only strengthens tyranny. Every member of society has a duty to challenge injustice wherever it occurs before it grows beyond control.

Conclusively, Not My Business is an effective satire because it criticizes oppressive leadership and the indifference of ordinary citizens. Through irony, symbolism, characterization and repetition, Osundare exposes the dangers of selfishness and silence.
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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 11 (VERSION I)*_

(11)
T̲h̲e̲ ̲N̲u̲n̲’̲s̲ ̲P̲r̲i̲e̲s̲t̲’̲s̲ ̲T̲a̲l̲e̲

The central theme of Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is contentment, simplicity and the contrast between poverty and true happiness. Although the tale later develops into a mock-heroic story about Chanticleer the cock, the opening stanza introduces a poor widow whose simple lifestyle reflects peace, honesty and satisfaction. Chaucer portrays her as a woman who possesses very little materially but enjoys a life of contentment and good health. Through her character, the poet suggests that happiness is not determined by wealth but by simplicity and gratitude.

At the beginning of the poem, the widow is presented as a very poor woman. She lives in a small and modest cottage with only her two daughters. Her house is simple, and she owns very few possessions. Unlike wealthy people who enjoy luxury, the widow survives on the little she has. Despite her poverty, she does not complain or envy others. Chaucer uses her condition to show that material wealth is not the only measure of a successful life.

Another striking aspect of the widow’s portrayal is her simple way of living. She eats plain food such as milk and brown bread instead of expensive meals. She has no interest in rich delicacies or extravagant pleasures. Her lifestyle is natural, healthy and free from excess. By describing her simple diet, Chaucer suggests that moderation contributes to good health and peace of mind. The widow’s satisfaction with ordinary things makes her an admirable character.

Furthermore, the widow is portrayed as a hardworking and self-reliant woman. Instead of depending on others, she manages her small household with diligence and honesty. She raises domestic animals, especially her chickens, which provide both food and companionship. Her willingness to work for her livelihood reflects her sense of responsibility and determination. Chaucer presents her as someone who finds dignity in honest labour despite her poor condition.

The poet also emphasizes the widow’s peaceful and contented nature. Although she lacks material riches, she lives without anxiety or greed. She accepts her situation with gratitude and enjoys the little she has. Unlike wealthy people who often worry about protecting their possessions, the widow experiences inner peace because her desires are few. Her contentment serves as a lesson that true happiness comes from appreciating what one has rather than constantly seeking more wealth.

Another important feature of the widow is her moral uprightness and humility. She is not portrayed as proud or dishonest in her struggle against poverty. Instead, she remains humble, patient and respectable. Her simple character earns the admiration of the reader and creates a sharp contrast with people who believe that wealth alone brings honour. Through the widow, Chaucer praises virtues such as humility, honesty and modesty over material success.

In conclusion, Chaucer presents the poor widow as a symbol of simplicity, contentment and moral goodness in the first stanza of The Nun’s Priest’s Tale. Her poverty, modest lifestyle, hardworking nature, peaceful attitude and humility all contribute to her admirable character. Although she owns very little, she enjoys a satisfying and meaningful life because she values honesty and contentment above riches. Through her portrayal, Chaucer teaches that genuine happiness does not depend on wealth but on a grateful heart, simple living and good character.

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*NECO LITERATURE*

_*NUMBER 12 (VERSION I)*_

(12)
D͟i͟g͟g͟i͟n͟g͟

The general theme of Seamus Heaney’s Digging is the dignity of labour, respect for family heritage and the importance of discovering one’s true calling. Through the memories of his father and grandfather, the poet celebrates hard work while explaining why he has chosen a different profession. Rather than using a spade to dig the earth, he chooses to “dig” with his pen by preserving his family’s history and experiences through writing.

The poem is set in the poet’s home, where he sits by the window holding a pen while observing his father working outside with a spade. The setting then shifts through the poet’s memories to the potato fields and peat bogs where his father and grandfather laboured. These familiar rural environments help to emphasize the family’s deep connection with farming and manual labour. The movement between the present and the past allows the poet to compare his own occupation with that of his ancestors.

At the beginning of the poem, the poet introduces himself sitting at his desk with a pen resting between his finger and thumb. The pen is compared to a gun through the simile, “snug as a gun.” This comparison suggests that writing is a powerful tool capable of making an impact just as a weapon can. As the poet hears the sound of digging outside his window, his attention shifts from his writing to his father, whose skill with the spade immediately fills him with admiration. This opening establishes the contrast between physical labour and intellectual labour that runs throughout the poem.

As the poet watches his father digging, he recalls how expertly he worked on the farm many years earlier. His father bends rhythmically over the potato drills, cutting through the soil with remarkable speed and precision. The poet describes how he buried the bright potato seeds, lifted the fresh potatoes from the ground and carefully followed his father around the field. These memories reveal not only the father’s competence but also the pride the poet feels in belonging to such a hardworking family. The detailed description shows that farming is presented as honourable and deserving of respect.

The poet’s thoughts then move further back to his grandfather, whom he describes as an even more outstanding digger. He remembers watching him cut peat in the bogs with great energy and endurance. According to the poet, no one in the district could match his grandfather’s skill. Even when offered milk by his grandson, the old man drinks quickly and immediately returns to work without wasting time. This account portrays the grandfather as disciplined, industrious and fully committed to his occupation. His dedication becomes another source of inspiration for the poet.

Despite his deep admiration for his father and grandfather, the poet acknowledges that he cannot continue the family tradition of farming. He openly admits that he does not possess the spade needed to follow in their footsteps. Instead of expressing regret, he confidently embraces his own talent as a writer. Holding his pen, he recognizes that writing is his own form of digging. Through poetry, he can uncover memories, preserve family history and explore the experiences of ordinary people. His profession differs from that of his ancestors, yet it remains equally meaningful and productive.

The poem is enriched by several literary devices that reinforce its message. The extended metaphor of “digging” compares farming with writing, suggesting that both require patience, skill and dedication. The vivid imagery of the cold smell of potato mould, the squelching sound of peat and the sight of freshly turned soil makes the farming scenes realistic and memorable. The simile comparing the pen to a gun emphasizes the strength and influence of literature, while the repetition of the word “digging” reinforces the central idea of continuous labour and commitment.

In conclusion, Digging is an account of the poet’s memories, family background and personal decision to become a writer instead of a farmer. Through his admiration for his father and grandfather, Heaney celebrates the dignity of honest labour while showing that every individual must discover and pursue his or her own calling.

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