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Saturday, 13th December, 2025
Civic Education 2 (Essay) – 2hrs – 08:30 hrs – 10:30 hrs.
Civic Education 1 (Objective) – 1hr – 10:30 hrs – 11:30 hrs.

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(1a)
(i)Self-control
(ii)Punctuality
(iii)Respect for rules and authority

(1b)
(i)Promotes peace, order, and stability: Discipline within a society ensures adherence to rules and regulations, which creates an environment of law and order. This order is crucial for political stability and social harmony, which are essential for any form of national development.
(ii)Fosters economic development and prosperity: A disciplined workforce and regulatory system contribute to increased productivity, efficiency, and skill accumulation. A disciplined society also attracts foreign investment by creating a predictable and reliable environment for business, which in turn creates jobs and national wealth.
(iii)Enhances good governance and reduces corruption: Societal discipline in public service encourages integrity, accountability, and the consistent enforcement of rules and laws. This helps to combat corruption, as citizens and leaders are more likely to act with responsibility and in the best interest of the nation, rather than engaging in fraudulent practices.
(iv)Builds strong institutions and social cohesion: Discipline strengthens national institutions by promoting a culture of accountability and respect for authority. It also fosters social cohesion and trust among citizens, allowing for greater cooperation in large-scale national endeavors and collective problem-solving.

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(2)
(i) Presumption of Innocence: The accused person is considered innocent until proven guilty by a competent court. This protects the accused from unfair punishment or bias before the case is properly decided.
(ii) Right to Legal Representation: The accused has the right to be defended by a lawyer of their choice. Legal representation helps the accused understand the law, present a proper defence, and protect their legal rights.
(iii) Right to a Fair and Public Hearing: The trial must be conducted openly and fairly in a court of law. This ensures transparency and prevents secret or biased judgments.
(iv) Right to Be Informed of the Charge: The accused must be clearly informed of the offence charged against them in a language they understand. This allows adequate preparation of a defence.
(v) Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses: The accused can call witnesses in their defence and question (cross-examine) prosecution witnesses. This helps to challenge evidence and establish the truth.

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(4)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Improved public health: When youths abstain from illicit substances, cases of drug-related illnesses, mental disorders, and premature deaths are reduced, leading to a healthier population.

(ii) Increased productivity: Drug-free youths are more focused, energetic, and committed to work or education, which improves labour productivity and national economic output.

(iii) Reduced crime rate: Abstinence from illicit substances lowers involvement in crimes such as theft, violence, and drug trafficking, promoting peace and security in the nation.

(iv) Lower healthcare expenditure: Fewer drug-related health problems reduce government spending on treatment, rehabilitation, and emergency services, allowing funds to be redirected to development projects.

(v) Better educational outcomes: Youths who avoid illicit drugs perform better academically, have lower dropout rates, and develop useful skills needed for national development.

(vi) Stronger family and social stability: Drug-free youths maintain healthier relationships with family and society, reducing cases of domestic conflict, neglect, and social disintegration.

(vii) Positive national image and development: A nation with responsible, drug-free youths gains a good reputation, attracts investment, and builds a strong human resource base for sustainable development.

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(9a)
Public servants are individuals employed by the government or state to provide services to the general public. They work in various capacities within the public sector, such as healthcare, education, law enforcement, and administration.

(9b)
(i)To ensure appointments are based on merit and professionalism: A primary goal is to select candidates based solely on their qualifications, skills, and experience, ensuring that political influence or other biases do not compromise the quality of personnel.
(ii)To provide a sufficient pool of qualified candidates: The recruitment process aims to attract a large and diverse group of suitable applicants for job vacancies, from which the most appropriate individuals can be selected.
(iii)To improve organizational effectiveness and performance: By hiring the right people for the right jobs, the public service seeks to enhance overall productivity, efficiency, and the quality of services delivered to the public.
(iv)To reduce employee turnover and increase retention: Selecting candidates who are a good fit for the role and the public service culture increases job satisfaction and reduces the likelihood of them leaving shortly after being hired, thus saving on recruitment and training costs.
(v)To meet legal and social obligations: Public sector recruitment must adhere to established laws, rules (such as the Federal Character Principle in Nigeria, which ensures fair representation), and ethical standards to ensure fairness, transparency, and prevent discrimination in the hiring process.
(vi)To facilitate succession planning and future talent needs: Recruitment activities help identify and prepare potential job applicants who can fill critical positions in the future, ensuring a continuous supply of skilled manpower for long-term organizational stability and growth.

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